1、AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP5740 Issued 2015-01 Cockpit Display of Data Linked Weather Information RATIONALE Weather data, information, and products are widely available today to the public as well as to the aviation community. Weather information has been provided to the cockpits of General A
2、viation (GA) users for several years and is now being introduced into the cockpit of commercial aircraft. Guidelines for the standardization of this information are needed to ensure the appropriate display of weather information in the cockpit to adequately address issues of workload, meteorological
3、 situation awareness, training, and information management. FOREWORD The SAE G-10W Weather Information Systems Committee was formed in 2007 at the SAE G10 annual meeting. Various regulators as well as other standards groups including RTCA Special Committee 206, “Aeronautical Information Services Dat
4、a Link,” requested human factors guidance on the display of uplinked weather information on the flight deck for pre-flight planning and in flight. The G-10W Committee responded to this need and was composed of subject matter experts from a wide variety of stakeholders including original equipment ma
5、nufacturers, avionics manufacturers, airlines, pilots, regulators, application providers and scientists from the human factors field. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE . 3 1.1 Purpose 3 2. REFERENCES . 3 2.1 Applicable Documents . 3 2.1.1 SAE Publications 3 2.1.2 RTCA Publications . 4 2.1.3 U.S. Government
6、 Publications . 4 2.1.4 Other References . 4 2.2 Definitions 5 3. GENERAL GUIDELINES . 5 3.1 Information Guidelines . 5 3.1.1 Types of MET Information Available to the Flight Crew. 5 3.1.2 Flight Crew Understanding 6 3.1.3 Access to Validity of MET information . 6 3.1.4 Notification of Missing Infor
7、mation . 6 3.1.5 Consistency between Airborne and Ground Based Information . 7 3.1.6 Presentation of MET Information . 7 3.1.7 Indication of Active/Processing Mode 8 3.2 Display Guidelines . 8 3.2.1 Timely and Efficient Access . 8 3.2.2 MET Depiction Relative to Ownship Location 9 3.2.3 Compatibilit
8、y with Other Applications 9 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any paten
9、t infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights
10、 reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and
11、 Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5740 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5740 Page 2 of 44 3.2.4
12、Valid Information Display . 10 3.2.5 Display of Text MET Information 10 3.2.6 Presentation of Dynamic Information . 11 3.2.7 Indication of Multiple Pages of Information 11 3.2.8 Display Format Consistency 12 3.2.9 Means to Indicate and Access Linked Text and Graphics . 12 4. SYMBOLOGY RECOMMENDATION
13、S . 12 4.1 General Display Elements . 12 4.1.1 Color . 12 4.1.2 Lines and Linear Patterns 13 4.1.3 Text 13 4.1.4 Areas 14 4.1.5 Volume . 14 4.1.6 Coverage Map 14 4.1.7 Probability 15 4.1.8 Legend or Key 15 4.1.9 Time . 15 4.1.10 Movement 16 4.2 Weather Elements 16 4.2.1 Convection . 16 4.2.2 Lightni
14、ng . 16 4.2.3 Turbulence . 17 4.2.4 Icing 17 4.2.5 Volcanic Ash 18 4.2.6 Wind . 19 4.2.7 Temperature . 20 4.2.8 Tropical Cyclone 20 4.2.9 Atmosphere Synopses . 21 4.2.10 Precipitation . 22 4.2.11 Clouds 23 4.2.12 Visibility 23 4.2.13 Pressure . 23 4.2.14 Operational Category . 24 5. NOTES . 25 APPEN
15、DIX A ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 26 APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF TERMS 27 APPENDIX C MET INFORMATION SYMBOLOGY, LINES AND PATTERNS 28 APPENDIX D EXAMPLES OF INTENSITY FOR PRECIPITATION 32 APPENDIX E HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF SYMBOLOGY 36 APPENDIX F DEPICTION CATEGORIES . 43 Figure 1 Station plot . 21 Ta
16、ble 1 Intensity for precipitation type 22 Table 2 Colors for representing operation category . 24 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5740 Page 3 of 44 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) addresses the information content for the electronic presentation of data linked weather Meteorological (MET
17、) information used in the cockpit. It defines guidelines for the electronic presentation of MET information (including text, graphics, textures, icons, and symbology) to the flight crew. This ARP is applicable to certified equipment for the electronic display (whether installed or portable) of MET i
18、nformation in the cockpit. This ARP also provides a set of symbols that illustrate the depiction of data linked MET information on flight deck display systems such as Navigation Displays, Multi-function Displays, and Electronic Flight Bags. These recommendations complement standard symbology guideli
19、nes for airborne applications already in existence (see reference section for applicable documents). 1.1 Purpose This ARP provides a set of user-centered design guidelines for the implementation of MET information on electronic displays. It addresses what information is useful and how it should be d
20、isplayed. This document does not include all the detailed specifications required to generate a MET information display. It addresses the human factors aspects of the electronic display of MET information, but does not address the software, hardware or system integrity/availability issues associated
21、 with the certification or operational approval of an electronic display system. The guidelines, example symbology, graphics and text identified within this document also take into consideration their integration with other non-meteorological information displayed in the cockpit. However, recommenda
22、tions and guidelines for the actual integration of MET information into multi-function displays are covered in other reference material (see reference list for applicable documents). 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specifie
23、d herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. N
24、othing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside U
25、SA), www.sae.org. ARP1093 Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARP1068 Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraft ARP4032 Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays
26、ARP4033 Pilot-System Integration ARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays ARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting System (FAS) ARP4102/7 Electronic Displays ARP4155 Human Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display Symbology ARP5056 Flight Crew Interface Considerations in the Flight Deck De
27、sign Process for Part 25 Aircraft SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5740 Page 4 of 44 ARP5289 Electronic Aeronautical Symbols ARP6467 Human Factors Minimum Requirements and Recommendations for the Flight Deck Display of Data Linked Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) 2.1.2 RTCA Publications Available from RTCA, Inc., 115
28、0 18th Street, NW, Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org. RTCA DO-267A Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Flight Information Services-Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications Copies of these documents are available online at htt
29、p:/quicksearch.dla.mil. AC 00-45G Aviation Weather Services AC 20-149A Installation Guidance for Domestic Flight Information Services - Broadcast AC 23.1311-1C Installation of Electronic Display in Part 23 Airplanes AC 25-11A Electronic Flight Deck Displays AC 25.1302-1 Installed Systems and Equipme
30、nt for Use by the Flightcrew AC 25.1322-1 Flight Crew Alerting, AC 120-76C Guidelines for the Certification, Airworthiness, and Operational Use of Electronic Flight Bags 14 CFR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 25 Airworthiness S
31、tandards: Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR Part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft 2.1.4 Other References Available from International Civil Aviation Organization, 999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3C
32、 5H7, Canada, Tel: +1 514-954-8219, http:/www.icao.int/ ICAO Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation, 2013 Available from WMO website, http:/www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html. WMO No. 49 Technical Regulations, Basic Documents No. 2, Volume II, 2011 Edition SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP
33、5740 Page 5 of 44 2.2 Definitions Definitions used in this document shall be as noted in the Glossary of Terms found in Appendix B. The word “shall” is used to express an essential (mandatory) requirement. Conformance requires that there be no deviation. The word “should” is used to express a recomm
34、endation. Deviation from the specified recommendation may require justification. The words “may” or “can” are used to provide alternate presentations which have been found to be acceptable. Recommendations, guidelines and requirements are placed within the recommendations and guidelines sections. 3.
35、 GENERAL GUIDELINES 3.1 Information Guidelines The following sections detail considerations and needs for MET information presentation to the flight crew in addition to recommendations or guidelines related to the consideration as well rationale for the recommendation or guideline. 3.1.1 Types of ME
36、T Information Available to the Flight Crew 3.1.1.1 Consideration The flight crew needs to have access to current and forecasted MET data relevant to the intended route of flight. 3.1.1.2 Recommendation/Guideline Data linked MET data should include the following: Any reports, forecasts or warnings of
37、 adverse conditions at cruising levels (Volcanic Ash, Icing, Turbulence, Tropical Cyclone, Mountain Wave, Duststorm, Sandstorm and Cumulonimbus, etc.) Any reports, forecasts or warnings of adverse conditions at aerodromes, including the terminal area for departure, arrival and alternate airports (Ce
38、iling, Visibility, Wind Shear, Thunderstorms, Precipitation including liquid, freezing, and frozen, Wind Gusts, etc.) Synopses, Surface Analysis and Significant Weather Current conditions (e.g., Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) and Special Metrological Report (SPECI) Forecast conditions (e.g.
39、, area forecasts, nowcasts, and TAFs) Upper Winds 3.1.1.3 Rationale The flight crew needs to have access to relevant and consistent information available to ground-based aviation MET information users (e.g., Flight Service Station (FSS), Air Traffic Control (ATC), Air Operations Center (AOC), airpor
40、t operations personnel), in order to establish common situational awareness and to facilitate collaborative decision-making. The flight crew needs to have the data recommended by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), as amended by the relevant civil aviation authorities for making MET de
41、cisions concerning the flight. (Reference: ICAO Annex 3, Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation, 2013) SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5740 Page 6 of 44 3.1.2 Flight Crew Understanding 3.1.2.1 Consideration The flight crew needs to have access to a legend, which describes the symbology used fo
42、r MET information display. This will help the flight crew decision-making process in the presence of other MET information sources such as onboard radar, voice (radio) reports from other aircraft, and the out-the-window view. 3.1.2.2 Recommendation/Guideline The MET information display should provid
43、e to the flight crew a legend describing the meaning of colors and symbols used to display MET data. 3.1.2.3 Rationale The flight crew must have easy access to information that describes the meanings of colors and symbols in order to be able to interpret information correctly and easily, without an
44、undue increase to workload. (Reference: RTCA DO-267A, Sec. 3.8) 3.1.3 Access to Validity of MET information 3.1.3.1 Consideration The flight crew needs to have access to information concerning the validity of the MET information data presented on the cockpit MET information display. The time differe
45、nce from the time the initial sourcing of the MET information to the time the MET information is displayed in the cockpit is not always apparent. Thus the issue of latency can cause misunderstanding of the real-time weather environment in which the aircraft is operating. 3.1.3.2 Recommendation/Guide
46、line The MET information display shall provide information indicating the valid time, indicating the latency time of observational data, or applicable time for forecast data that is currently being displayed. 3.1.3.3 Rationale National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Weather Inf
47、ormation (AWIN) research has demonstrated that flight crew using MET hazard graphics during rapidly changing MET conditions often take inappropriate risks because their risk assessment may be based on obsolete information. (Reference: RTCA DO-267A, Sec. 3.8) References: a. Latorella, K. especially f
48、or broadcast systems that are in a periodic transmit/receive mode, or when the cockpit avionics is engaged in extended processing of received MET information. 3.1.7.2 Recommendation/Guideline The MET information display should provide an indication to the flight crew when the MET data link system is
49、 not processing information as anticipated. 3.1.7.3 Rationale The flight crew expectation is that MET information is being received and processed for cockpit application and/or display. That expectation assumes the data link communications system and cockpit avionics are functioning properly. If there is a system failure, the flight crew can seek to obtain the MET information through other means. There should be minimum delay i
