1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP6078AEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEARP6078 Issued 2012-10 Aircraft Fuel Tank Inertin
5、g Systems RATIONALEThis document provides recommended practices for developing a non-aircraft specific commercially certifiable nitrogen based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) including the applicable design considerations supporting Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations part 25, Appendix M, for Tr
6、ansport Category Airplanes” (Reference 14 CFR 25.981). TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 41.1 Purpose . 42. REFERENCES 42.1 Applicable Documents 42.1.1 SAE Publications . 52.1.2 EASA Publications: . 52.1.3 FAA Publications . 52.1.4 U.S. Government Publications 52.1.5 ASTM Documents . 62.1.6 Transport Canad
7、a Documents 62.1.7 UK Government Publications 62.1.8 Russian Federation Publications 62.1.9 Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Publications . 62.1.10 Other Publications . 62.2 Related Publications . 62.3 Definitions . 73. REQUIREMENTS . 93.1 Applicability of Flammability Reduction Means (FRM
8、) Requirements 93.1.1 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Guidance . 93.1.2 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Guidance . 133.2 Functional Requirements 143.2.1 Inerting Function . 143.2.2 Inerting Performance and Flammability Exposure 143.2.3 Fuel Types; Inerting Consideration and Needs 153.2.
9、4 Tank Venting . 153.2.5 Noise . 153.2.6 Safety 153.2.7 System Operation and Indication 163.3 General System Requirements . 173.3.1 Operational Conditions . 173.3.2 Environmental Considerations 19SAE ARP6078 Page 2 of 66 4. PREFERRED PRACTICES 194.1 Inert Gas Generating Technologies 194.1.1 HFM Desc
10、ription . 204.1.2 PSA Description 214.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Available Air Separation Technologies . 234.1.4 Flammability Exposure 244.2 System Architectures 244.2.1 HFM and PSA Architecture Considerations 254.2.2 HFM Design Considerations . 344.2.3 PSA-Based Architectures . 354.3 Futur
11、e Inerting System Technology Development 364.3.1 HFM Technology Development 364.3.2 PSA Technology Development . 374.4 Performance Monitoring 374.5 Distribution Methods . 374.5.1 Distribution to the Fuel Tanks . 374.5.2 Distribution within the Fuel Tanks . 384.5.3 Outflow of OEA and Cooling Air Flow
12、 . 394.6 Fuel Tanks 394.6.1 Fuel Tank Types . 404.6.2 Tank Features . 414.7 System Performance Parameters . 444.7.1 Temperature Control System 444.7.2 Air Separator . 444.7.3 NEA Distribution 444.8 FTIS Operational Considerations . 444.8.1 Operating Conditions 454.8.2 Flight Profile Considerations .
13、 454.9 System Interfaces and Impact on Other Systems 454.9.1 Fuel System 464.9.2 Environmental Control System (ECS) 464.9.3 Power Sources 474.9.4 Avionics . 484.9.5 Crew Station 484.9.6 Fire Protection System 484.9.7 Airframe and Structure 484.10 System Control and Monitoring . 494.10.1 Valve Interf
14、ace Command Interface and Feedback 494.10.2 Interface to System Sensors . 504.10.3 Digital Interface to Other Aircraft Systems 514.10.4 System Monitoring 514.11 Contamination and Sensitivity to Contaminants . 524.11.1 HFM Sensitivity to Contamination . 534.11.2 PSA Sensitivity to Contaminants 544.12
15、 Air Evolution and Dissolution 554.13 Analysis Methods 554.13.1 Aircraft Performance . 554.13.2 Subsystem Performance Analysis 564.13.3 Inerting Analysis 564.13.4 Thermal Analysis . 564.13.5 Monte Carlo Analysis 574.13.6 In-Tank Flow and Mixing . 574.14 Installation and Design 574.14.1 Location Volu
16、me . 584.14.2 Installation Location 584.14.3 Impact to Airframe . 584.14.4 Electrical Bonding . 594.14.5 Accessibility. 594.14.6 Proximity to Interfaced Systems . 59SAE ARP6078 Page 3 of 66 4.14.7 Environment 594.14.8 Equipment Subassembly/Palletized Installations . 604.15 Reliability, Maintainabili
17、ty, and Testability 604.15.1 Interface and Failure Annunciation . 604.15.2 Maintainability and Testability . 614.15.3 Reliability, Mission Reliability, and Dispatch . 614.15.4 MMEL Relief 614.15.5 Logistics 624.15.6 Service Life . 624.15.7 Dispatch Reliability (or System Availability) 624.16 FTIS Re
18、trofit (Compatibility with Systems on Existing Aircraft) 624.17 Environmental Considerations 635. VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION 635.1 Certification - Roadmap 635.2 Validation 655.3 Verification 655.4 Requirements Compliance 656. NOTES 66FIGURE 1 APPLICABILITY OF FRM REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW 14 CFR PART 25
19、 APPLICANTS 10FIGURE 2 APPLICABILITY OF FRM REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING U.S. TYPE CERTIFICATED AIRCRAFT . 11FIGURE 3 APPLICABILITY OF FRM REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING U.S. TYPE CERTIFICATED AIRCRAFT OPERATED UNDER 14 CFR PARTS 121, 125, OR 129 12FIGURE 4 APPLICABILITY OF FRM REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW EASA CS-
20、25 APPLICANTS . 13FIGURE 5 FLAMMABILITY EXPOSURE DIAGRAM . 14FIGURE 6 SCHEMATIC OF A HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE SEPARATOR 20FIGURE 7 GAS FLOW WITHIN THE HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE SEPARATOR . 21FIGURE 8 PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION BLOCK DIAGRAM . 22FIGURE 9 BLEED AIR SOURCE FOR FTIS SCHEMATIC . 25FIGURE 10 CABI
21、N AIR SOURCE FOR FTIS SCHEMATIC 27FIGURE 11 TEMPERATURE CONTROL WITH BY-PASS VALVE SCHEMATIC 28FIGURE 12 TEMPERATURE CONTROL WITH RAM AIR VALVE SCHEMATIC . 28FIGURE 13 FAN IN PARALLEL SCHEMATIC . 30FIGURE 14 FAN IN SERIES SCHEMATIC 30FIGURE 15 SCHEMATIC OF TURBOFAN CIRCUIT 31FIGURE 16 SCHEMATIC OF J
22、ET PUMP CIRCUIT 32FIGURE 17 SCHEMATIC OF GROUND CART CIRCUIT . 32FIGURE 18 SCHEMATIC OF PARALLEL FLOW RAM AIR CIRCUIT 33FIGURE 19 SCHEMATIC OF FLOW IN SERIES RAM AIR CIRCUIT . 34FIGURE 20 PSA SYSTEM SCHEMATIC . 36FIGURE 21 FTIS CERTIFICATION ROADMAP 64SAE ARP6078 Page 4 of 66 1. SCOPE The Aerospace
23、Recommended Practices of this document are intended for nitrogen-based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) implemented on transport category, turbine powered airplanes. The recommended practices herein, therefore, relate only to the transport category aircraft, and focus specifically on contemporary
24、inerting systems equipment. Such systems are referred to a Fuel Tank Inerting Systems (FTIS) in this document. This document does not cover the following: Military aircraft applications Air separation technologies other than hollow fiber membrane (HFM) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Inerting of
25、 conventional unheated wing tanks or aircraft dry bays Expected future technology solutions for the generation of inert gas. The advice contained in this document is aimed towards providing aircraft manufacturers with guidance on the key issues associated with contemporary aircraft fuel tank inertin
26、g systems to supplement the guidance in FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.981-2. This document also provides system and component designers and manufacturers with advice on what aspects must be evaluated and addressed when designing a safe, low risk solution for transport aircraft fuel tank Flammability R
27、eduction Means. As such, the information herein is intended as a guide for some system design aspects, but primarily identifies the issues which must be addressed in designing an inerting system for fuel tank flammability reduction. 1.1 Purpose This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides
28、guidance for the design, development and certification of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system (FTIS) and will provide technical references and data regarding an FTIS. The intent of this ARP is to address issues associated with the requirements of the current regulations for aircraft fuel tank flam
29、mability at the time of initial release of this document in 2012. As such, it focuses specifically on the FAA requirements of 14CFR 25.981 and appendices M and N of 14 CFR part 25, and also similar regulations from EASA.This ARP provides guidance on the two types of fuel tank inerting systems that h
30、ave been selected by the industry as the potential designs for a fuel tank flammability reduction means. Design guidelines for qualification, installation and system performance of the fuel tank inerting system are addressed in this document. Further, this ARP attempts to provide guidance to support
31、 the use of an FTIS to meet the intent of AC 25.981-2 introduced at amendment 125 (14 CFR 25.981 amendment 25-125) for fuel tank explosion prevention (including a summary and utilization of appendix M and appendix N of the regulation). The ARP documents the process for determining fleet average flam
32、mability exposure using the FAA Monte Carlo Analysis tool and how fuel tank system flammability reduction means is used in this analysis.2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications
33、 shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes a
34、pplicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. SAE ARP6078 Page 5 of 66 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AIR1
35、539 Environmental Control System Contamination AIR4766/1 Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft Cabin Particulate Contaminants2.1.2 EASA Publications: Available from European Aviation Safety Agency, Postach 10 12 53, D-50452, Koeln, Germany, Tel: +49-221-8999-000, http:/www.easa.eu.int.CS-25 Certificat
36、ion Specifications for Large Aeroplanes 2.1.3 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835- 5322, http:/www.faa.gov/14 CFR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 26 Continued Airworth
37、iness And Safety Improvements For Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations 14 CFR Part 125 Certification And Operations: Airplanes Having A Seating Capacity Of 20 Or More Passengers Or A Maximum Payload Capacity Of 6,000 Pounds
38、Or More 14 CFR Part 129 Operations: Foreign Air Carriers And Foreign Operators Of U.S.-Registered Aircraft Engaged In Common Carriage AC 25.981-2 Advisory Circular, Fuel Tank Flammability AC No: 21-16G Advisory Circular, RTCA Document DO-160 versions D, E, F and G, “Environmental Conditions and Test
39、 Procedures for Airborne Equipment” Fuel Tank Flammability Assessment Method Users Manual, dated May 2008, document number DOT/FAA/AR-05/8, Incorporation by reference (IBR) approved for Sec. 25.981 and Appendix N (ref. 14 CFR 25.5). It can be obtained at the following Website: http:/www.fire.tc.faa.
40、gov/systems/fueltank/FTFAM.stm.2.1.4 U.S. Government Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/.JSSG-2009 Department of Defense Joint Servi
41、ces Specification Guide - Air Vehicles Subsystems MIL-HDBK-310 Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products SAE ARP6078 Page 6 of 66 2.1.5 ASTM Documents Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.or
42、g.ASTM D1655 Turbine Fuels, Jet A and Jet A1 2.1.6 Transport Canada Documents Available from Transport Canada Library - National Capital Region, 275 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N5; http:/www.tc.gc.ca/eng/publications-menu.htmCanadian Aviation Regulations 2011-1 Part V Chapter 525 Transport C
43、ategory Aeroplanes Advisory Circular (AC) No. 500-006 Issue 1 Aircraft Operations after Ground Cold Soak 2.1.7 UK Government Publications Available from by mail from HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA; Also can be can be downloaded from HSEs website: http:/www.hse.gov.ukHSE8 Take Care
44、 With Oxygen - Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Use of Oxygen 2.1.8 Russian Federation Publications Published by Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology; available from Federal State Institution “Consulting and innovation company in the field of international standardization and certif
45、ication“ (“INTERSTANDARD”) http:/www.interstandart.ru/homeeng.htmGOST 10227-86 Jet Fuel Specification 2.1.9 Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Publications Available from RTCA website http:/www.rtca.orgDO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment 2.1.10 Other Pu
46、blications The Airliner Cabin Environment, Air Quality and Safety, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1986, by the Committee on Airliner Cabin Quality Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Commission on Life Sciences 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for i
47、nformational purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report. Summer, Steven M: Limiting Oxygen Concentration Required to Inert Jet Fuel Vapors Existing at Reduced Fuel Tank Pressures Final Phase; DOT/FAA/AR-04/8; 2004 Burns, Michael; Cavage, William M.; Morrison, Ro
48、bert; and Summer, Steven - Evaluation of Fuel Tank Flammability and the FAA Inerting System on the NASA 747 SCA; DOT/FAA/AR-04/41; 2004 Burns, Michael; Cavage, William M.; Hill, Richard; and Morrison, Robert: Flight-Testing of the FAA Onboard Inert Gas Generation System on an Airbus A320; DOT/FAA/AR
49、-03/58; 2004 SAE ARP6078 Page 7 of 66 AC 25.981-1C Advisory Circular, Fuel Tank Ignition Source Prevention Guidelines AIR1903 Aircraft Inerting Systems Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC) Fuel Tank Harmonization Working Group Final Report; July 1998 (available from FAA website) Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC) Fuel Tank Harmonization Working Group Final Report; June 2001 (available from FAA website
