1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS5659AEROSPACESTANDARDAS5659 Issued 2012-02 WDM LAN Standard RATIONALEThe aerospace
5、 industry requires precise standards for avionics system design. This document defines interoperability requirements within and between optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Local Area Networks (LANs) used in military and aerospace applications. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 22. REFERENCES 22.1
6、 Applicable Documents 22.2 Related Publications . 33. OVERVIEW . 43.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing . 53.2 Upgradeability . 53.3 The Network as an Entity 73.4 Topology . 73.5 Latency 84. SAFETY 84.1 Laser Safety 84.2 Fiber Communications Safety . 84.3 Fiber Optics Physical Safety . 85. REQUIREMEN
7、TS . 85.1 Optical Backbone Network 85.2 Access and Aggregation . 105.3 Network Management and Control . 115.4 Optical Fiber Interconnect . 116. EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE . 116.1 Interface Control Document 116.2 Interface Application Codes 116.3 Optical Transfer Functions 126.4 Client Signal Formats 126
8、.5 Management and Control . 126.6 Optical Fiber Interconnect . 127. NOTES 12SAE AS5659 Page 2 of 12 1. SCOPE This standard, consisting of five documents, applies to designers, suppliers, and users of optical network services, systems, and components within mobile military and commercial aerospace pl
9、atforms. The standard applies to any optical network which uses Wavelength Division Multiplexing in any optical media. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The
10、applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and
11、 regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS5659/1 Transparent Optical Backbone Specifica
12、tion AS5659/2 Access and Aggregation Specification AS5659/3 Network Management and Control Specification AS5659/4 Physical Layer Specification AIR6004 Optical Networking Terminology AIR6005 General Requirements for WDM Backbone Networks AIR6006 Modeling and Simulation Capabilities for Aerospace WDM
13、LAN Applications AS5658 Platform / Subsystem Common Interface Control Document Format AS5603 Digital Fiber Optic Link Loss Budget Methodology for Aerospace Platforms AIR5667 Fiber Optic Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Single Mode Interconnect and Component Standards Mapping for Aerospace Platf
14、orm Applications Device Level Specification 2.1.2 ITU Publications Available from the International Telecommunication Union, Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Telephone: +41-22-730-5111, www.itu.int.ITU G.694.1 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications- DWDM Frequency Grid ITU G.694.2 Spectr
15、al Grids for WDM Applications- CWDM Wavelength Grid SAE AS5659 Page 3 of 12 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Standard.2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwea
16、lth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.ARP5061 Guidelines for Testing and Support of Aerospace, Fiber Optic, Inter-Connect Systems AIR5601 A Guideline for Application of RF Photonics to Aerospace Platforms 2.2.2 ANSI
17、 Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org.ANSI Z136.1 Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.2 Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources ANSI / Telecommunications
18、 Industry Association (TIA), ANSI / TIA 440 Fiber Optic Terminology 2.2.3 ARINC Publications Available from ARINC, 2551 Riva Road, Annapolis, MD, 21401, www.arinc.org. These documents are technically equivalent to documents SAE AS5659 and SAE5659/1 through SAE AS5659/4. ARINC Specification 859 Part
19、0 WDM LAN Standard ARINC Specification 859 Part 1 Transparent Optical Backbone Specification ARINC Specification 859 Part 2 Access and Aggregation Specification ARINC Specification 859 Part 3 Network Management and Control Specification ARINC Specification 859 Part 4 Physical Layer Specification 2.2
20、.4 IEC Publications Available from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +44-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch.IEC 60825 Safety of Laser Products SAE AS5659 Page 4 of 12 3. OVERVIEW Earlier mobile platform avionics communications have be
21、en handled by multiple interconnects overlaid to satisfy a particular systems connectivity and bandwidth requirements. An interconnect is a fixed wire or fiber connection established a priori. Some of todays avionics systems use bridging to communicate between isolated systems using backbone connect
22、ions.An optical network, combined with aggregation and multiplexing, provides a more direct access to the optical backbone. Local interfaces provide access to a shared infrastructure, now made available throughout the platform, to: Carry multiple protocols such as Fibre Channel, ARINC-429, MIL-STD-1
23、553, Ethernet, etc. Support multiple services such as interactive real time, non-interactive real time, etc. Serve multiple client systems. The network allows easier upgrade through local connections utilizing standard network interfaces which aggregate and multiplex traffic. Ultimately, a transpare
24、nt Optical Backbone Network (OBN) can support local or remote configuration and monitoring, dynamic rerouting and fault tolerance, as well as potential full “plug and play“ capability of a telecommunications network depending on the implementation of network management and control. This specificatio
25、n provides: Definitions, to provide consistent technical communications between users of the WDM LAN standard documents. Interface specifications, in order to provide consistent requirements for suppliers of network components to ensure interoperability. Interface specifications, for compatibility t
26、o existing and future standards and protocols. Functional allocation, to provide consistency of communications between suppliers and users. Hierarchical set of requirements for management and control, to provide adequate resources for configuration and health management. Typical WDM LAN optical netw
27、orks comply with the general architecture shown in Figure 1, which shows the relationship between network elements and interfaces.The architecture includes the following entities: Client Adaptation Element (CAE). Optical Network Element (ONE). Optical Fiber Interconnect (OFI). Network Management and
28、 Control (NM refer to SAE AIR5667.3.2 Upgradeability What is particularly important about the optical fiber interconnect in aerospace platforms is that it is inaccessible in an airframe. Therefore, the optical fiber interconnect is considered permanent over the lifetime of the platform, and must end
29、ure many equipment upgrades. The WDM LAN concept is a response to the need for defined interfaces, in order to provide guidance for equipment upgrades. Figure 2 shows the architecture in more complete form, using the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) format. Each layer provides services to the layer a
30、bove and data for processing by the layer below. SAE AS5659 Page 6 of 12 FIGURE 2 - WDM LAN LAYERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Figure 3 shows the propagation of a signal from client to client through the WDM LAN. Signals ultimately flow from application to application. FIGURE 3 - PATH OF A SIGNAL THROUGH TH
31、E WDM LAN SAE AS5659 Page 7 of 12 3.3 The Network as an Entity Figure 4 shows the transition from primitive groups of independent clients, systems, or sub-networks, connected with separate links or bridges as shown on the left, to a modern network as a shared resource that provides data transmission
32、 services to applications or clients, on the right. A network can provide a range of services, from a static configuration, to amanaged set of services that can be dynamically provisioned and monitored. BackboneNetworkNetCntrlToday the physical layer uses multiple overlay linksVision: Aircraft Backb
33、one NetworkNetworking requires novel infrastructure, access and controlsAdding new equipment requires physical changes to cable or bus infrastructureAdding new equipment is simplifiedvia standard interface tooptical backbone networkFIGURE 4 - TRANSITION FROM PRIMITIVE INDEPENDENT LINKS TO A MODERN N
34、ETWORKIN WHICH THE NETWORK PROVIDES SERVICES TO CLIENTS 3.4 Topology Wavelength Division Multiplexing enables transmission of multiple independent channels of information, each upon a discrete wavelength. Multiple functional topologies can be superimposed upon a given physical topology. This superpo
35、sition is illustrated in Figure 5.FIGURE 5 - WDM CAN FURNISH MULTIPLE FUNCTIONAL TOPOLOGIESIN A SINGLE PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY SAE AS5659 Page 8 of 12 3.5 Latency Latency is one of two types depending on the connection type. For a circuit connection type, in which the network provides paths or circuits, t
36、he time refers to the connection latency or setup time. This is the time required to establish a channel. Note that this latency is not incurred for every data bit but just during the initialization of the channel. For a packet connection type, in which the network must route each packet independent
37、ly, the time refers to the transport latency. This is the time it takes to route a packet. For example, in a routing device, the time required to read the packet header, transfer the packet to the correct output, and retransmit the packet impacts the end-to-end latency. Known and/or controlled laten
38、cy is of key importance to flight critical and mission critical systems. 4. SAFETY Systems which use fiber optics present specific hazards. 4.1 Laser Safety Refer to laser safety standards ANSI Z136.1 and IEC 60825. 4.2 Fiber Communications Safety Refer to communication safety standard ANSI Z136.2 a
39、nd system support standard SAE ARP5061. 4.3 Fiber Optics Physical Safety Fiber tips are sharp and fragments can break off under the skin. Care should be taken to avoid fiber pokes, by properly handling and disposing of fiber pieces. 5. REQUIREMENTS These sections are based on the definitions, requir
40、ements and templates established in SAE AIR6004, AIR6005, and AIR 6006. 5.1 Optical Backbone Network The Optical Backbone Network (OBN) is a transparent network consisting of Optical Network Elements (ONEs) connected by Optical Fiber Interconnects (OFIs). Figure 6 shows an example of how OBN functio
41、ns are performed through the use of a collection of one or more ONEs of the following five types: Optical Terminal Multiplexer (OTM) Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) Optical Power Splitter (OPS) Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) The particular set of ONE building blocks use
42、d to create a WDM LAN (OBN) will ultimately be determined by the system integrator or designer and by the specific application being supported. The defined ONEs are merely a flexible set of building blocks that enable the development of multiple types of optical network topologies.The ONEs connect t
43、o client signal sources and sinks through the defined Network Access Interfaces (NAIs) and the ONEs connect to each other through Backbone Network Interfaces (BNIs), as noted in Figure 6.At the periphery of the OBN, an NAI that receives signals into the network is defined to be an NAI-R interface, w
44、hile one that sources signals from the network is an NAI-S interface. Each NAI-R or NAI-S couples to a single direction of signal propagation in an optical medium. Network access may therefore be considered to consist of an NAI, offering network services to signals coupled to it. SAE AS5659 Page 9 o
45、f 12 FIGURE 6 - REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTION OF ONES FORMING AWDM LAN OPTICAL BACKBONE NETWORK For example, an OBN consisting of a set of OTMs and one OPS or OXC, demonstrates how an OBN can be used to connect and switch multiple video sources to a set of cockpit displays, as shown in Figure 7. Note th
46、at NAI-R interfaces are used / shown for the OTM access points for data sources such as video and the NAI-S interfaces for the paths to data sinks such as displays. Similarly, OBN functions can be performed through combinations of ONEs. FIGURE 7 - EXAMPLE SHOWING USE OF OTM AND OPS OR OXC ONESCONNEC
47、TING MULTIPLE VIDEO SOURCES TO COCKPIT DISPLAYS The OBN ONEs of a WDM LAN shall comply with the requirements of SAE AS5659/1.SAE AS5659 Page 10 of 12 5.2 Access and Aggregation Document SAE AIR6005 defines the characteristics of a transparent WDM Optical Backbone Network (OBN). In this network, an o
48、ptical signal gains access to the OBN through a Network Access Interface (NAI), as shown in Figure 8. From the standpoint of optical client signals, which require the OBN to provide transport and switching services, the NAIs represent the entry and exit points to the entire network. At these points
49、of access, optical signals that cross the NAIs conform to a defined Interface Application Code (IAC) at that interface.The characteristics of the optical signals at an NAI include the definition of the channel plan for the IAC. The channel plan defines the optical signals that cross the access interface. Allowable channel plans include single WDM channels, as well as multiple WDM channels aggregated together
