1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2015 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS5678AAEROSPACESTANDARDAS5678 REV. AIssued 2006-12Revised 2015-12Superseding AS5678Passive R
5、FID Tags Intended for Aircraft UseRATIONALEIncreased use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in supply chain and logistics has led to increasing demand for, and subsequent development of, a myriad of low cost, disposable RFID tags. Such tags are designed to identify consumable products that wil
6、l pass through the supply chain once and then be disposed of, thus having a relatively short service life.Meanwhile, RFID tags used for banking and security, such as identification badges and credit cards, are more durable, but have limited storage memory and require close proximity to RFID readers.
7、 At the other end of the capability/durability spectrum are tags intended for use on aircraft. Aerospace industry adoption of RFID technology will be enhanced significantly by standardization of the RFID tags.The requirements for RFID tags to be used in the aerospace industry are very different from
8、 non-aviation uses. The parts identified by the RFID tags are high value items, which are often used for ten years or more. Reading and writing across a moderate distance, and over the life-spans of these tagged-parts, is expected to fulfill the promise of data automation for accuracy and cost savin
9、gs. Furthermore, the aerospace industry is subject to unique considerations regarding qualification, regulations, and safety, which are enforced by national authorities such as the FAA, EASA, FCC, etc. These requirements, coupled with the relatively low manufacturing volumes, will drive up the per-p
10、art cost of tags developed for the aerospace industry. This will generate the need for a unique set of RFID tags specifically designed for use on aircraft. Adherence to this standard will decrease the development cost of these low-volume, high-capability RFID tags.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5678APage2of 17
11、TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 3 2. REFERENCES 3 2.1 Applicable Documents 3 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 3 2.1.2 ISO/IEC Publications. 3 2.1.3 RTCA Publications 3 2.1.4 EUROCAE Publications 4 2.1.5 U.S. Government Publications 4 2.1.6 Airlines for America, formerly known as Air Transport Association, Publicat
12、ions. 4 2.1.7 GS1 EPC Publications. 4 2.1.8 AIM Publications . 4 3. DEFINITIONS . 4 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. 7 4.1 General Configuration. 8 5. APPLICABILITY 8 6. REQUIREMENTS . 9 6.1 RFID Chip (Integrated Circuit) Functional Specifications/Requirements 9 6.2 Tag Requirements. 9 6.3 Performance Stand
13、ard 9 6.3.1 Read Range 9 6.3.2 Write Capability. 12 6.3.3 Data Integrity. 12 6.3.4 RFID Tag Installation 13 6.3.5 Environmental Performance . 13 6.4 Data Retention Life Expectancy 15 6.5 Data Consistency 15 6.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 16 6.7 Maintenance and Repair. 16 7. RFID TAG CLASSIFIC
14、ATION AND MARKING 16 7.1 RFID Tag Classification Schema 16 7.2 RFID Tag Marking. 16 8. NOTES 17 8.1 Revision Indicator 17 FIGURE 1 RFID TAG RANGE MEASUREMENT SETUP . 11 TABLE 1 PERFORMANCE GRADES 10 TABLE 2 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TAG RANGE MEASUREMENT SETUP . 11 TABLE 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REQ
15、UIREMENTS 13 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5678APage3of 171. SCOPEThe scope of this document is to:1. Provide a requirements document for RFID Tag Manufacturers to produce passive-only UHF RFID tags for the aerospace industry.2. Identify the minimum performance requirements specific to the Passive UHF RFID Ta
16、g to be used on aircraft parts, to be accessed only during ground operations.3. Specify the test requirements specific to Passive UHF RFID tags for airborne use, in addition to RTCA DO-160compliance requirements separately called out in this document. 4. Identify existing standards applicable to Pas
17、sive UHF RFID Tag.5. Provide a certification standard for RFID tags which will use permanently-affixed installation on aircraft and aircraft parts.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publ
18、ications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of manufacture. In the eventof conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes a
19、pplicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS9100 Quality Management Sy
20、stems - Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations2.1.2 ISO/IEC PublicationsAvailable from International Organization for Standardization, ISO Central Secretait, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland, Tel: +41 22 749 01 11, E-mail: centraliso.org.ISO websi
21、te: http:/www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45332.ISO/IEC 18000-63 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type CISO/IEC 18000-6C Information technolo
22、gy - Radio Frequency Identification for Item Management - Part 6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzNOTE: As of 2013, ISO/IEC 18000-6C has been superseded by ISO/IEC 18000-63.2.1.3 RTCA PublicationsAvailable from RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite 910, Washington,
23、 DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org.RTCA DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne EquipmentSAE INTERNATIONAL AS5678APage4of 172.1.4 EUROCAE PublicationsAvailable from EUROCAE Secretariat, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France, Tel: +33 1 40 92 79 30, .EUROCAE E
24、D-14E Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment2.1.5 U.S. Government PublicationsCopies of these documents are available online at http:/www.faa.gov.Title 14, CFR part 25, app. F, Part 1 - Test Criteria and Procedures for Showing Compliance with 25.853 (a) (14 CFR part 25,
25、Appendix F)Title 47, CFR Chapter 1 Federal Communications Commission, part 15 - Radio Frequency Devices (47 CFR part 15)2.1.6 Airlines for America, formerly known as Air Transport Association, PublicationsAvailable from Airlines for America (A4A), 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 1100, Washington
26、, DC 20004, Tel: 202-626-4000, www.airlines.org.ATA Spec 2000, Chapter 9: Automated Identification and Data Capture.2.1.7 GS1 EPC PublicationsAvailable from GS1 EPC website: http:/www.gs1.org/epc-rfid/latest.EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID, Specification for RFID Air Int
27、erface, Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz 960 MHz, version 2.0.0 (2013) EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz 960 MHz, version 1.2.0 (2008)NOTE: As of 2013, version 1.2.0 has been superseded by 2.0.0.2.1.8 AIM PublicationsAvailable f
28、rom AIM Inc., 20399 Route 19, Suite 203, Cranberry Township, PA 16066, Tel: 1-724-742-4473, www.aimglobal.org.AIM WP-98/002R Radio Frequency Identification - RFID: A Basic Primer.https:/aimglobal.site- DEFINITIONS14 CFR: Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations A4A: AIRLINES FOR AMERICA (formerly
29、 AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION/ATA): Airline trade association whose purpose is Airlines for America (A4A) advocates on behalf of its members to shape crucial policies and measures that promote safety, security and a healthy U.S. airline industry. A4A through the ATA e-Business Program coordinates stand
30、ards creation within Engineering, Maintenance and Material.ANCILLARY PART MARK: An RFID-based part mark. The data elements, as defined by ATA Spec 2000, are the same as those in a primary part mark, but embedded in digital format to an RF carrier to facilitate the collecting of part data using scann
31、ers. An ancillary part mark cannot exist by itself and shall be accompanied with a primary part mark.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5678APage5of 17ACTIVE: Tags that use batteries as a source of power to boost the effective operating range of the tag and to offer additionalfeatures over passive tags, such as te
32、mperature sensing.AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS: Used on products created for the aerospace industry.AIRBORNE USE: Used on aircraft while in flight - as opposed to Ground Service Equipment, which is used on aircraft, but only while the aircraft is on the ground.BACKSCATTER: The reflected radio frequency (R
33、F) energy that has been modulated by the RFID tags chip and antenna.Backscatter is what the interrogator device “reads.” An inert piece of aluminum will reflect RF energy, but in the absence of modulation, it is “reflection”, not “backscatter.”BAR-CODE: A standard method of identifying items based o
34、n lines of varying widths and spacing that are visually read by a scanner.BAP: Battery Assisted Passive - RFID tags that have an on-board battery to power the electronics in the tag, minimizing the power required from the reader RF Beam. They backscatter like a Passive UHF tag only when they are int
35、errogated.BAP tags have greater read ranges than purely passive tags.BLINK RATE: The rate at which an active CHIP: Tag sends out s signal to look for, this can be adjusted from hours to seconds depending on the application and desired battery life of the RFID tag.CHIP: “Chip”, or “microchip”, refers
36、 to integrated circuits, or ICs. This is the “brain” of the RFID tag. RFID chips modulate reflected RF power to transmit data back to an RFID reader, or “interrogator.”EASA: European Aviation Safety Agency - Successor to the pan-European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), which was cooperatively form
37、ed by several European national aviation agencies.EIRP: Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power - the amount of power that would have to be emitted by an isotropic antenna(that evenly distributes power in all directions and is a theoretical construct) to produce the peak power density observed inthe
38、 direction of maximum antenna gain.EPCglobal: EPCglobal was a GS1 initiative to develop of industry-driven standards for the Electronic Product Code (EPC) to support the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in todays fast-moving, information rich, trading networks. Standards were developed i
39、n two areas: EPC/RFID tags, and EPC Information Services (EPCIS). EPCglobal is now known as GS1 EPC.EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 UHF Tag: Also known as GS1 EPC Gen 2 UHF Tag, a passive-backscatter, Interrogator-talks-first (ITF), RFID tag operating in the 860 to 960 MHz frequency range as defined in the
40、GS1 EPC Gen 2 publication above.ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute - produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies.FAA: Federal Aviation Administration -
41、The airworthiness and aviation authority in the United States of America.FCC: Federal Communications Commission - The regulator of radio-magnetic spectrum uses in the United States of America.HF: High Frequency (HF) RFID systems operate at 13.56 MHz with a typical maximum read range of 3 feet (1 m).
42、HUMAN-READABLE: Human-readable refers to a representation of information that can be naturally read by humans. In most contexts, the alternative representation is data primarily designed for reading by a machine, e.g., scanner/computer/etc.IEC: INTERNATIONAL ELETROTECHNICAL COMMISSIONSAE INTERNATION
43、AL AS5678APage6of 17INLAY: The RFID inlay is comprised of four primary components: chip, attachment harness, antenna, and substrate. An antenna is either laid or printed on a substrate material (typically a polymer). Designers create antenna patterns to satisfyspecific performance requirements. The
44、“chip” is harnessed to the antenna pattern so that the contacts on the chip make contact with the appropriate legs of the antenna.INTEGRATED CIRCUIT: (IC) See “Chip.”INTEGRATED NAMEPLATE: An Integrated Nameplate is an identification and/or marking that contains and/or is enabled with an embedded RFI
45、D chip or device that may be utilized in the same manner as other identification and markings as shown in 14 CFR Parts 21.185 and 45. The RFID enabled segment of the Integrated Nameplate shall have the same part identification information, i.e. part Birth Record elements as defined in ATA Spec 2000
46、encoded in digital and printed in text formats. Bar code representation of the same data is typically included. For Integrated Nameplates the human readable segment will act as primary part marking and the RFID enabled segment is considered ancillary part marking. Integrated Nameplate, as used in th
47、is standard only, is only interchangeable with an identical Integrated NameplateINTERROGATOR (READER/WRITER): Radio Frequency device whose purpose is to read data from RFID tags or write data to them. There exist both hand-held versions and desk-top versions. Hand-held interrogators have battery pow
48、er and on-board modulator/demodulators to allow reading permanently-affixed tags while moving past them, and are usually limited in power output.ISO: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION: An international association that manages the process of setting global standards for communications a
49、nd information exchange.ISO/IEC 18000-63 (formerly known as ISO/IEC 180000-6C) RFID Tag: A passive-backscatter, Interrogator-talks-first (ITF), RFID tag operating in the 860 to 960 MHz frequency range as defined in the ISO publication above.LABEL: RFID label is comprised of three primary components: an RFID inlay, an outer surface (often used for printing), and a bo
