1、_ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSX EOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWK e state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, LVWKHVROHU
2、HVSRQVLELOLWRIWKHXVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprodu
3、ced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-
4、776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AS6286 AEROSPACE STANDARD AS6286 Issued 2016-11 Superseding ARP5149B Training and Qualification Program for Deicing/Anti
5、-icing of Aircraft on the Ground RATIONALE This document covers the standards for training and qualifying staff, contents of training, basic aerodynamics, and different aspects of deicing/anti-icing operations. It will provide standards for setting up a proper training and qualification program for
6、deicing and anti-icing of aircraft on the ground. Background information to support this training program is provided to make the material a better tool for the preparation and execution of the training and qualification and the quality control process. It is intended to provide a common basis for d
7、eicing/anti-icing training and qualification for deicing providers and airlines. Each organization involved is responsible for complying with local regulations and requirements imposed by manufacturers of aircraft, equipment and fluids, by regulatory and environmental authorities. A Standard Teachin
8、g Plan and the Practical Assessment are included. This material was compiled using various international documents with support from SAE documents and individually contributed HGLWRULDOFRPPHQWV,WVSXUSRVHLVWRVHUYHDVD*OREDOLHGHLFLQJ7UDLQLQJ0DQXDO The document is intended to promote and develop safe pr
9、actices, effective procedures, and improved technology related to training of aircraft ground operations in winter conditions to ensure the highest possible levels of safety for passengers, flight crew and ground personnel. It can be utilized to develop a set of commonly agreed training practices an
10、d procedures for the deicing/anti- icing of aircraft on the ground reflecting current industry best practice. It shall ensure continued compliance with all relevant standards and regulatory requirements, and shall ensure that it continues to reflect current industry best practice. FOREWORD This docu
11、ment is based on AS6285, Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-icing Processes, which deals with the standard processes including methods for deicing and anti-icing of aircraft on the ground to provide safe takeoff. No aircraft will take off when frost, snow, slush, or ice is adhering to any critical surface
12、. Exposure to weather conditions on the ground, that are conducive to ice formation, can cause accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice on aircraft critical surfaces and components that will adversely affect aircraft performance, stability, and control. The operation of mechanical devices such as
13、control surfaces, sensors, flaps, and landing gear will also be affected. If frozen deposits are present, other than those considered in the aircraft certification process, the ability for the aircraft to fly is greatly reduced and will cause potentially dangerous conditions. An aircraft ready for d
14、eparture must be a clean aircraft that has no frozen contaminants adhering to any critical surface. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 2 of 50 5HJXODWLRQVJRYHUQLQJDLUFUDIWRSHUDWLRQVLQLFLQJFRQGLWLRQVVKDOOEHIROOR ZHG Dispatcher; and/or Ground); and/or by other personnel or through other means under the ove
15、rsight of such qualified individuals. An organization shall have in place within their management plan/organizational structure descriptions of key personnel (i.e., Program Manager, Training Manager/Head Trainer, De/anti-icing Training Instructor, etc.,) and their duties pertaining to training, qual
16、ification, and oversight responsibilities. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 9 of 50 The organizations management plan/organizational structure shall specify the individual who are responsible for the organizations de/anti-icing training program. The individual specified with this responsibility shall h
17、ave sufficient knowledge in deicing/anti-icing operations and training to be qualified for this position. Although this qualification can be renewed annually pending the responsibilities lie with the same individual, it is recommended that the responsible individual complete training and qualificati
18、on on an annual basis through self-study, under the oversight of their superior or responsible designee (where applicable), as specified within the organizations management plan/organizational structure. Individuals designated to develop and/or facilitate deicing/anti-icing training should have some
19、 familiarization, background, and training in the area of education and facilitation techniques, through relevant experience and/or education. This training may be performed as part of a train-the-trainer program. Individuals designated to conduct deicing/anti-icing training within an organizations
20、management plan/organizational structure shall be required to complete initial and subsequent annual recurrent training in order to maintain their qualification. This training shall be facilitated internally within an organization by an individual responsible for this function as specified within th
21、e organizations management plan/organizational structure (i.e., Training Manager/Head Trainer) or other personnel as designated; and/or by a third party organization (i.e., Air Carrier, contracted deicing/anti-icing training vendor, etc.). Computer Based Training (CBT)/e-Learning/distant learning an
22、d Computer Based Deicing Simulators (CBDS) may be utilized in place of traditional instructor facilitated training for theoretical training components, and limited practical training components (dependent on CBDS Level utilized (reference 3.20.). It is recommended that CBT/e-Learning/distant learnin
23、g and/or CBDS training be facilitated and administered under the oversight of qualified training personnel. To simulate classroom interactivity, it is recommended where a student requires assistance and/or may have a question, there be various means in place so that the assistance can be obtained an
24、d/or question can be answered prior to completion of the course and pursuant exams/evaluation. This may include the use of poll questions, email/online assistance, etc. It is recommended that should CBT/e-Learning and/or CBDS be used as part of the examination and/or evaluation process, effective me
25、asures be in place to prevent academic dishonesty and plagiarism (i.e., individual login/password, random questions drawn from a question pool, measures to prevent skipping/fast-tracking of training, oversight by a proctor, etc.). It is the responsibility of the CBT/e-Learning and/or CBDS manufactur
26、er/developer and user to ensure that all applicable requirements as stated within this document are met, as applicable to the personnel they are intended to instruct. Training success shall be proven by an exam that shall cover all training subjects contained in this document. Each part shall have a
27、 test to verify the correct procedures. The theoretical parts shall have a written examination with a passing rate of min. 75% and the practical part shall have a demonstration of skill. Only persons passing the exam can be qualified. Where an individual has passed an examination, however not achiev
28、ed a perfect grade, it is recommended that incorrect answers are reviewed with the individual to promote error free learning. The training shall be divided into different groups according to levels of qualification/operation. A deicing training program shall be introduced. This training program shal
29、l include all elements of training, levels of qualifications, verification of success, functions, duties, responsibilities, quality control, regular overview of instructing and records kept. The program shall be under constant review to make sure it covers all new aspects of operation. The head of d
30、eicing training is responsible to build up such a program. Up to date standards and recommendations shall be referred to. The Head of Training may also be the actual instructor and in that case previous deicing experience is recommended. The company shall evaluate and approve the Head of Training fo
31、r the task according to set requirements. This approval shall be documented. Theoretical and practical skills training shall be conducted by qualified personnel who have demonstrated the skills to deliver the training and who have competence (knowledge, skill, and experience) in the subjects to be i
32、nstructed. Assessments shall be conducted by persons who have appropriate knowledge, skills, and experience in the functions being assessed. Training shall be a combination of theoretical (suitable and sufficient information and instruction relating to the topic being trained) and practical skills t
33、raining to verify the learners understanding of, and ability to complete, the task being trained. Changes to methods and processes shall be communicated to relevant personnel and appropriate additional information and training shall be delivered. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 10 of 50 Training sessi
34、ons shall be recorded and kept for verification of qualifications. Records of theoretical sessions and exams as well as on-job-training records (where applicable) must be retained for each person qualified. The record shall clearly show that instruction has been given and received (signed documents
35、are preferred). A training schedule for each qualified person shall be maintained. The record shall identify the date when the particular subject matter has been delivered to the learner. The trainer will sign or initial that they have delivered the training. The learner will, as acknowledgement and
36、 understanding of the training, sign or initial the appropriate subject matter on the training record form. Training content and records shall be made available for review by an authorized air carrier representative and/or regulatory authority. Where electronic or computer based training record syst
37、ems are maintained, the content shall inclXGHDVDPLQLPXPWKHOHDUQHUVname, test mark achieved, date of training and course reference. The same procedure shall be followed where contract deicing is used. Names, dates, and the scope of training must be clearly stated. Practical evaluation and demonstrati
38、on of skills for ground crew personnel shall be performed as part of a ground crew training and qualification program. The area of deicing training shall be divided into the following parts: - Theoretical, - Practical, and - Annual Recurrent. For initial qualification, the final qualification shall
39、be accomplished on live aircraft during live deicing/anti-icing operations, however these individuals may participate in deicing/anti-icing operations, under strict supervision of a qualified individual, until such time that the final qualification can be achieved, pending they have satisfactorily c
40、ompleted all simulated practical evaluations and demonstrations of skills required as part of the training and qualification program. For recurrent qualification, practical evaluation and demonstration of skills should be performed; however, where new equipment and/or operational methods are utilize
41、d, practical training and demonstration of knowledge/skills shall be performed. Both initial and annual recurrent shall be conducted to ensure that all such crews obtain and retain a thorough knowledge of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing policies and procedures, including new procedures and lesson
42、s learned. Training programs must include a detailed description of initial and annual recurrent ground training and qualification concerning the specific requirements of the program and the duties, responsibilities, and functions detailed in the program. They shall have a Quality Control Program to
43、 monitor and maintain a high level of competence. An ongoing review plan is advisable to evaluate the effectiveness of the deicing/anti-icing training received. The program shall have a tracking system that ensures all required personnel have been satisfactorily trained. Records of personnel trainin
44、g and qualification (see Figure 1) shall be maintained for proof of qualification. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 11 of 50 Figure 1 Aircraft deicing/anti-icing training roster SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 12 of 50 COURSEWARE DEVELOPMENT GUIDE Figure 2 Aircraft deicing/anti-icing training program SAE
45、 INTERNATIONAL AS6286 Page 13 of 50 3.1 Training Sessions The content and length of theoretical and practical training depends on the level of qualification. The most in depth training is performed for the deicing crew and deicing instructors. Others receive a basic knowledge of deicing/anti-icing a
46、nd relevant subjects concerning their particular area of operation. Subjects mentioned below are headlines only and a more detailed content shall be included for the instruction of each particular task. Both initial and recurrent training shall include these subjects. The content of deicing training
47、 shall cover the following (but are not limited to these): - Common standards, regulations, and recommendations - Basic knowledge of aircraft performance - Effects of frost, ice, snow, slush, and fluids on aircraft performance - Meteorological considerations on ice formation - Basic characteristics
48、of aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids, including causes and consequences of fluid remaining on surfaces, and dried and/or rehydrated residues - General techniques for removing deposits of frost, ice, slush, and snow from aircraft surfaces and for anti-icing - Deicing/anti-icing procedures in general and specific meas
