1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AS6858 AEROSPACE SPECIFICATION AS6858 Issued 2017-03 Installation of Fuel Cell Systems in Large
5、 Civil Aircraft RATIONALE This document defines the technical guidelines for the safe development, testing, integration, validation and certification of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems, including fuel storage, fuel distribution and the integration of electrical systems into the aircraft.
6、TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications . 4 2.1.2 EASA Publications 5 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications 6 2.1.4 FAA Publications . 6 2.1.5 RTCA Publications 7 2.1.6 ANSI Standards 7 2.1.7 IEC Publications 7 2.1.8 ISO Publications 7 2.1.9 Military Stand
7、ards . 7 2.1.10 Other Publications . 8 2.2 Abbreviations and Definitions . 8 2.2.1 Abbreviations 8 2.2.2 Definitions . 9 3. GENERAL . 11 3.1 Operating Modes . 11 4. FCS INTEGRATION WITH THE AIRCRAFT 13 4.1 General Considerations 13 4.2 Medevac 13 4.2.1 Functional Description / Operation 13 4.2.2 Arc
8、hitecture Principles 14 4.2.3 Aircraft Interfaces 14 4.2.4 Installation Considerations 14 4.2.5 System Safety Approach. 14 4.3 Galley 14 4.3.1 Functional Description / Operation 14 4.3.2 Architecture Principles 15 4.3.3 Aircraft Interfaces 16 4.3.4 Installation Considerations 16 4.3.5 System Safety
9、Approach. 16 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 2 of 35 4.4 Emergency Power . 16 4.4.1 Functional Description / Operation 16 4.4.2 Architecture Principles 17 4.4.3 Aircraft Interfaces 17 4.4.4 Installation Considerations 17 4.4.5 System Safety Approach. 17 5. SAFETY 17 5.1 Particular Risks Analyses 18 5.
10、1.1 Trajectory based PRAs 19 5.1.2 Sustained Engine Imbalance 19 5.1.3 Nose Wheel Imbalance . 19 5.1.4 Fuel Tank Safety . 19 5.1.5 Bleed Air Duct Rupture . 20 5.1.6 AFT Pressure Bulkhead Rupture 20 5.1.7 Crashworthiness . 20 5.1.8 Tail Strike 20 5.1.9 Survivability of Systems 20 6. PROOF AND BURST 2
11、0 7. MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY 21 8. AFFECTED CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 21 9. ENVIRONMENTAL . 21 10. GASEOUS H2 STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION . 22 10.1 Fuel Quality . 22 10.2 Intrinsic Risks 22 10.3 Pressure Vessels 22 10.4 Hydrogen Storage and Supply System . 22 10.5 Protective Devices 23 10.6 Leakage Man
12、agement 23 10.7 Separation / Segregation 23 10.8 Marking/Placards 23 10.9 Fueling/Defueling 23 11. OXIDANT SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 23 11.1 Sources . 23 11.2 Installation . 24 11.2.1 Ambient Air 24 11.2.2 Cabin Air . 25 11.2.3 Air taken from Bleed Air System . 25 11.2.4 Pressurized Oxygen 25 11.3 Duc
13、ting Containing High Oxygen Concentration 25 11.4 Pressure Vessel 25 11.5 Oxygen/Air Quality 26 11.6 Intrinsic Risks 26 11.7 Ventilation . 26 11.8 Protective Devices 26 11.9 Maintenance / Servicing 26 12. FUEL CELL MODULE CONSIDERATIONS . 26 12.1 Scope 26 12.2 Installation Considerations 27 12.3 Ope
14、rating Emissions and Abnormal H2 Leakage . 28 12.4 Intrinsic Risks 28 12.5 Protective Devices 29 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 3 of 35 13. BALANCE OF PLANT CONSIDERATIONS . 29 13.1 Scope 29 13.2 Hydrogen Path 30 13.3 Oxidant Path . 30 13.4 Shrouding and Ventilation . 30 13.4.1 Piping and Tubing . 30
15、 13.4.2 Housings and Compartments . 31 13.4.3 Ventilation . 31 13.5 Power Provision 31 13.5.1 Start-up Battery . 31 13.5.2 Balance of Plant Converter . 32 13.6 Water Drainage . 32 14. THERMAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 32 14.1 Heat Rejection . 32 14.2 Contamination . 32 14.2.1 Air Cooled . 32 14.2.2
16、Liquid Cooled (Hydrogen, Oxygen and Ions) 33 14.3 Properties (Electrical, Physical, Chemical) . 33 14.3.1 Air Cooled . 33 14.3.2 Liquid Cooled 33 14.4 Intrinsic Risks - General 33 14.5 Protective Devices 34 15. CONTROLLER / SYSTEM INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS. 34 16. SENSORS . 34 17. ELECTRICAL POWER CO
17、NDITIONING 34 18. POWER STORAGE 34 19. ELECTRICAL POWER INTERFACE 35 20. MAINTENANCE 35 21. NOTES 35 21.1 Revision Indicator 35 FIGURE 1 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF GENERIC PEM FUEL CELL SYSTEM . 11 FIGURE 2 OPERATIONAL MODE DIAGRAM FOR GENERIC FUEL CELL SYSTEM 13 FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE PAYLOAD POWERED BY A FUE
18、L CELL SYSTEM 14 FIGURE 4 EXAMPLE GALLEY APPLICATION. 15 FIGURE 5 EXAMPLE EMERGENCY POWER APPLICATION . 17 FIGURE 6 EXAMPLE HYDROGEN SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM . 22 FIGURE 7 EXAMPLE HYDROGEN SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM . 24 FIGURE 8 FUEL CELL MODULE INTERFACES . 27 FIGURE 9 EXAMPLE BALANCE OF
19、 PLANT . 29 TABLE 1 PROOF AND BURST 21 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 4 of 35 1. SCOPE This is a joint SAE/EUROCAE development. This document will be released as both an SAE Aerospace Specification (AS) and a EUROCAE Minimum Aviation System Performance Standard (MASPS). This document defines the tech
20、nical requirements for the safe integration of gaseous hydrogen fueled Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) within the aircraft. Most of the technical concepts and approaches covered by this document represent current industry “best practice“. Others require specific approval from
21、the procuring activity before use. This requirement for approval is not intended to prohibit their use; but rather to ensure that the prime contractor has fully investigated their capability to perform reliably and to be sufficiently durable under the required conditions and that the prime contracto
22、r can present substantiating evidence for approval before the design is committed to. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publica
23、tions shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific ex
24、emption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR64C Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial Transports
25、AIR825/13 Guide for Evaluating Combustion Hazards in Aircraft Oxygen Systems AS861B Minimum General Standards for Oxygen Systems AIR1059 Oxygen Cylinder Quality, Serviceability, Maintenance Transfilling and Marking AIR1168 Aircraft Fuel Weight Penalty Due to Air Conditioning AIR1277 Cooling of Milit
26、ary Avionic Equipment ARP1532A Aircraft Oxygen System Lines, Fabrication, Test and Installation ARP1870 Aerospace Systems Electrical Bonding and Grounding for Electromagnetic Compatibility and Safety AIR1957 Heat Sinks for Airborne Vehicles ARP4418 Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine an
27、d APU Generated Containments in Bleed Air Supplies from Aircraft Engines ARP4754 Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment ARP5021A Oxygen Cylinder Installation Guide AI
28、R6464 EUROCAE/SAE WG80/AE-7AFC Hydrogen Fuel Cells Aircraft Fuel Cell Safety Guidelines SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 5 of 35 AS8010 Aviators Breathing Oxygen Purity Standard SAE J2579 Standard for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other Hydrogen Vehicles SAE J2601 Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseo
29、us Hydrogen Surface Vehicles 2.1.2 EASA Publications Available from European Aviation Safety Agency, Ottoplatz, 1, D-50679 Cologne, Germany, Tel: +49 221 8999 000, www.easa.europa.eu AC 25.1309 Advisory Circular, System Design and Analysis AMC 25.1309 Acceptable Means of Compliance, System Design an
30、d Analysis AMC 25.1435 Hydraulic Systems AMC 25.1453 Protection of Oxygen Equipment from Rupture CS 25.561 Emergency Landing Conditions - General CS 25.795 Security Considerations CS 25.869 Fire Protection: Systems CS 25.1181 Designated Fire Zones CS 25.1309 System Design and Analysis CS 25.1453 Pro
31、tection of Oxygen Equipment from Rupture CS 25.1461 Equipment Containing High Energy Rotors CS 25.1541 Markings and Placards: General ETSO-C97 Lithium Sulfur Dioxide Batteries ETSO-C142a Non-Rechargeable Lithium Cells and Batteries ETSO-C173a Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel Metal-Hydride, and Lead-Acid Batte
32、ries ETSO-C179a Permanently Installed Rechargeable Lithium Cells, Batteries and Battery System SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 6 of 35 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications Available from EUROCAE Secretariat, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France, Tel: +33 1 40 92 79 30, . ED-14 Environmental Conditions
33、for Airborne Equipment ED-12 Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification ED-80 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware ED-219 Aircraft Fuel Cell Safety Guidelines 2.1.4 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Av
34、enue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov. AC 20.184 Advisory Circular, Guidance on Testing and Installation of Rechargeable Lithium Battery and Battery Systems on Aircraft 14 CFR 25.561 Emergency Landing Conditions - General 14 CFR 25.795 Security Considerations 14 CFR 25.869 F
35、ire Protection: Systems 14 CFR 25.1181 Designated Fire Zones 14 CFR 25.1309 System Design and Analysis 14 CFR 25.1435 Hydraulic Systems 14 CFR 25.1461 Equipment Containing High Energy Rotors 14 CFR 25.1541 Markings and Placards: General PS-ANM-25.1441-01-Rn Mitigating Fire Hazards in Gaseous Oxygen
36、Systems TSO-C97 Lithium Sulfur Dioxide Batteries TSO-C142a Non-Rechargeable Lithium Cells and Batteries TSO-C173a Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel Metal-Hydride, and Lead-Acid Batteries TSO-C179a Permanently Installed Rechargeable Lithium Cells, Batteries and Battery System SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 7 of
37、35 2.1.5 RTCA Publications Available from RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org. DO-160 Environmental Conditions for Airborne Equipment DO-178B Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification DO-254 Design Assurance
38、 Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware DO-227 Minimum Operating Performance Standards for Lithium Batteries DO-293 Minimum Operating Performance Standards for Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel Metal-Hydride, and Lead Acid Batteries DO-311 Minimum Operating Performance Standards for Rechargeable Lithium Bat
39、tery Systems DO-347 Certification Test Guidance for Small and Medium Sized Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Battery Systems 2.1.6 ANSI Accredited Publications Copies of these documents are available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/ ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Sy
40、stems 2.1.7 IEC Publications Available from IEC Central Office, 3, rue de Varembe, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41 22 919 02 11, www.iec.ch. IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres IEC 60952 Aircraft Batteries 2.1.8 ISO Publications Copies of these documen
41、ts are available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/ ISO 11119-1 Refillable Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes Design, Construction and Testing Hoop Wrapped Fibre Reinforced Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes up to 250 Litres ISO 11119-2 Refillable Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes Design, Construction
42、 and Testing Fully Wrapped Fibre Reinforced Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes up to 250 Litres with Load-Sharing Metal Liners ISO 11119-3 Refillable Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes Design, Construction and Testing Fully Wrapped Fibre Reinforced Composite Gas Cylinders and Tubes up to 250 Litres wi
43、th Non-Load-Sharing Metallic or Non-Metallic Liners 2.1.9 Military Standards Copies of these documents are available online at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil. MIL-DTL-7891G Detail Specification: Filler Valve, Aircraft Oxygen MIL-STD-704 Military Standard: Electric Power Aircraft Characteristics SAE INTER
44、NATIONAL AS6858 Page 8 of 35 2.1.10 Other Publications ASTM G128 Standard Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen Enriched Systems EN 2282 Characteristics of Aircraft Electrical Supplies EN 2570 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries. Technical Specification UL 1642 Standard for Lithium Batteries 2.2 Abb
45、reviations and Definitions 2.2.1 Abbreviations AC Advisory Circular A/C Aircraft AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIR Aerospace Information Report ANSI American National Standards Institute AMC Acceptable Means of Compliance ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ARP
46、Aerospace Recommended Practice AS Aerospace Specification ATA Air Transport Association BoP Balance of Plant CFR Code of Federal Regulations CS Certification Specification DC Direct Current DOP Design Operating Pressure EASA European Aviation Safety Agency ECS Environmental Control System ECU Electr
47、onic Control Unit EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCA Fuel Cell AircraftFCS Fuel Cell System H2 Hydrogen HSSS Hydrogen Storage and Supply System IEC International Electro-Technical Commission ISO International Organization for Standardiz
48、ation LEL Lower Explosive Limit LFL Lower Flammability Limit MASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standard MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure Medevac Medical Evacuation O2 Oxygen ODA Oxygen Depleted AirPEM Proton Exchange Membrane psia pounds per square inch PRA Particular Risks AnalysisRA
49、T Ram Air Turbine RTCA Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics TPRD Thermal Pressure Relief Device SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6858 Page 9 of 35 2.2.2 Definitions Standard terminology for the Fuel Cell Aircraft (FCA) is provided below: AMBIENT AIR: Air outside the pressurized fuselage. BALANCE OF PLANT: The assembly of equipment used in the control of the reactants and products supporting the operation of the
