1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS6886 AEROSPACE STANDARD AS6886 Issued 2015-06 Counterfeit Materiel; Assuring Ac
5、quisition and Use of Authentic and Conforming Refrigerant RATIONALE This document is intended to provide guidance and requirements for users during the purchase and use of refrigerants. FOREWORD To assure customer satisfaction, industry organizations must produce, and continually improve, safe, reli
6、able materiel that meet or exceed customer and regulatory authority requirements. The globalization of industry and the resulting diversity of regional/national requirements and expectations has complicated this objective. End-product organizations face the challenge of assuring the quality and inte
7、grity of materiel purchased from suppliers throughout the world and at all levels within the supply chain. Suppliers and processors face the challenge of delivering materiel to multiple customers having varying quality expectations and requirements. This document standardizes requirements, practices
8、, and methods related to: (a) refrigerant supply chain management, procurement, inspection, and tests/evaluation to assure the authenticity and conformance of refrigerant being acquired, and (b) response strategies when suspect or confirmed counterfeit refrigerant is discovered. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS
9、6886 Page 2 of 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Protocols for Refrigerants . 3 1.2 Reasons for Counterfeit Refrigerants . 3 1.3 Counterfeiting Refrigerant . 3 1.4 Extent of Counterfeit Refrigerants . 3 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.2 Related Definitions 5 2.3 Acronyms and Abbreviat
10、ions 7 2.4 Definitions of Counterfeit Refrigerant and Counterfeiting Methods: . 7 3. AVOIDANCE AND DETECTION . 8 3.1 Avoidance . 8 3.2 Authenticity Verifications . 9 3.2.1 Refrigerant Test and Inspection Methods . 9 3.2.2 Visual Inspection . 10 4. REPORTING AND DISPOSITION OF COUNTERFEIT REFRIGERANT
11、S 11 5. REMEDIATION . 12 6. NOTES 12 APPENDIX A EXAMPLES OF COUNTERFEIT REFRIGERANT . 14 APPENDIX B 16 APPENDIX C 17 Table 1 Detection methods 11 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6886 Page 3 of 19 1. SCOPE 1.1 Protocols for Refrigerants Counterfeiting of refrigerants has seen a dramatic rise over the past two de
12、cades. This rise can be partially attributed to global restrictions placed on production and use of refrigerants by the 1987 Montreal and the 1997 Kyoto Protocols (1, 2). These Protocols regulate the gradual phase-out and strict regulations on the use of refrigerants with high Ozone Depletion Potent
13、ial (ODP) and high Global Warming Potential (GWP). These protocols require that older refrigerants shall be replaced with newer, more expensive, and environmentally friendly chemicals (3, 4) and necessitates redesigned or replaced equipment to operate efficiently with these new refrigerants. 1.2 Rea
14、sons for Counterfeit Refrigerants These Protocols require the staggered phase-out of these refrigerants allowing unrestricted countries a longer time to comply with the phase down. This staggered system has created an opportunity for brokers diverting high ODP and/or GWP refrigerants from unrestrict
15、ed countries to restricted countries, where they can be sold to support the needs of legacy equipment. The increasing use of air conditioning and refrigeration in developing nations has increased the demand and cost of refrigerants, which makes counterfeiting refrigerants a very economically viable
16、criminal activity. Refrigerant changes since the 1980s CFC Chlorofluorocarbons HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HFC Hydrofluorocarbons HFO Hydrofluoroolefins First, the very environmentally damaging (high ODP) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were replaced by Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). However, since
17、HCFCs also have ODP and GWP, they were replaced by Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). But that was not a perfect solution since some HFCs have significant GWP, so they are in the process of being replaced by Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs). 1.3 Counterfeiting Refrigerant Counterfeiters primarily target non-refill
18、able/non-returnable 30 pounds/13.62 kg cylinders and 1 kg or less cans of refrigerant. Methods may include tampering with the non-refillable valves; refilling or topping-off the contents of the containers; painting or repainting and re-stenciling the exterior cylinder/can to more or less match genui
19、ne products; and/or replacing the valves. Forged trademarks and falsified outer markings, or fake company names with similar appearance to internationally known manufacturers are examples of labeling used by counterfeiters on generic cylinders/cans. Counterfeiters may also reuse genuine brand name p
20、ackaging or manufacture counterfeit packaging, and then put the forged/falsified generic cylinders/cans with unknown contents inside. 1.4 Extent of Counterfeit Refrigerants Counterfeit refrigerants are flooding markets around the world, with European and United States Armed Forces reporting signific
21、ant contamination in vehicles/equipment returning from the Middle East (12, 13, 14, and 15). The countries/areas currently most prone to counterfeit refrigerants are Indonesia, China and the Middle East, per the United Nations 2011 Report “Risk Assessment of Illegal Trade in HCFCs” (5), but they can
22、 and have been identified world-wide. The areas targeted are hot climates with high demand for refrigerants, limited inspections and/or a lack of general knowledge about the issues with counterfeits. The April 2013 United Nations Threat Assessment “Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the
23、Pacific” estimates that counterfeit refrigerants and illegal trafficking in high ODP refrigerants has a flow volume of 3660 tons per year totaling around US $67.7 million (11). HFOs CFCs HCFCs HFCs SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6886 Page 4 of 19 Example: In 2011, it was reported that methyl chloride (R-40) wa
24、s one of several ingredients being used in counterfeiting of various common refrigerants (6). Methyl chloride is currently not used for refrigeration because it is highly toxic (Class 2B per ASHRAE 34), corrosive and unstable - use was discontinued for the most part when the much safer and less corr
25、osive CFCs were developed (7). It is still commonly used in the production of plastics, and is very inexpensive to purchase, which makes it ideal for counterfeiting. When R-40 is blended with other refrigerants, the mix will mimic the pressure/temperature curve of R-134a, making it difficult to dete
26、ct using conventional pressure gauge tests. According to the Safety Data Sheet, R-40 is a colorless gas with a faint sweet smell (8) and is flammable. It is a suspected human carcinogen and is also a potent narcotic (9). Methyl chloride reacts with moisture in air or with water to form hydrochloric
27、acid, and explodes on contact with magnesium, and sodium. R-40 is extremely corrosive to plastics and aluminum. Furthermore, when corroding aluminum, R-40 also reacts with the aluminum to form trimethyl aluminum (a clear fluid), which is pyrophoric in air, and reacts violently with water, carbon dio
28、xide, halon, oxidizers, alcohols, carbon tetrachloride, halogens and halogenated hydrocarbons, and many other substances. (In other words, when exposed to air, the trimethyl aluminum will spontaneously combust, and then when trying to put out the fire using common fire suppressants such as water, ca
29、rbon dioxide, or halon; it can explode violently.) The first recognized incidences of R-40 being used to counterfeit R-134a involved explosions of compressor units fitted to refrigerated shipping containers (called reefers) in Vietnam and Brazil (10), which caused civilian fatalities and multiple ph
30、ysical injuries to personnel. In Southern Europe, there were multiple physical injuries (passenger poisonings when R-40 escaped the air conditioning containment), explosions, and a maintenance facility fire at a public transportation service caused by counterfeit R-134a containing R-40. R-134a is no
31、t the only refrigerant being counterfeited and many substances other than R-40 (methyl chloride) are being used as the counterfeiting refrigerants. Other common refrigerant counterfeiting schemes involve recovering refrigerants from old equipment and/or using other “filler” materials such as flammab
32、le hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane or butane) to increase the output of the counterfeit refrigerants. Obviously, there can be unknown/dangerous interactions from mixing multiple chemicals and contaminants. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this d
33、ocument to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of thi
34、s document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Cana
35、da) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. The referenced documents are deemed applicable as of the publication date of this document. Additional standards related to other refrigerants may be added at a later time. J639 Safety Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression System
36、s J2099 Standard of Purity for Recycled R-134a (HFC-134a) and R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) for Use in Mobile Air-conditioning Systems J2843 R-1234yf HFO-1234yf Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment for Flammable Refrigerants for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6886 Page 5 of 19 J2844
37、R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) New Refrigerant Purity and Container Requirements for Use in Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems J2845 R-1234yf HFO-1234yf and R-744 Technician Training for Service and Containment of Refrigerants Used in Mobile A/C Systems J2851 Recovery Equipment for Contaminated R-134a or R-1234
38、yf Refrigerant from Mobile Automotive Air Conditioning Systems J2912 Performance Requirements for R-134a and R-1234yf Refrigerant Diagnostic Identifiers (RDI) for Use with Mobile Air Conditioning Systems J2927 R-1234yf Refrigerant Identifier Installed In Recovery and Recycling Equipment for Use with
39、 Mobile A/C Systems AS6174 Counterfeit Materiel; Assuring Acquisition of Authentic and Conforming Materiel 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Copies of these documents are available online at http:/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/. DoDM 4140.01 DoD Supply Chain Materiel Management Procedures DoD 4160.21
40、-M DoD Disposition Manual Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP) Operations Manual SO300-BT-PRO-010 (GIDEP Manuals and Guides are available from http:/www.gidep.org/) Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP) Requirements Guide - SO300-BU-GYD-010 (April 2008) (http:/www.gidep.org/
41、) OMB Policy Letter 91-3 Reporting Nonconforming Products (http:/whitehouse.gov/omb/procurement_policy_letter_91-3) 2.1.3 Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Standards AHRI Standard 700 Specification for Fluorocarbon Refrigerants 2.1.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigera
42、ting, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards ASHRAE Standard 34 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants 2.2 Related Definitions AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION: Transactions conducted by a Manufacturer-Authorized Distributor distributing product within the terms of a Distribution Ag
43、reement. Franchised Distribution is considered synonymous with Authorized Distribution. AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL: Sales conducted by the Manufacturer or their Authorized Distributor which carry the Manufacturers rights of warranty with the product. AUTHORIZED (FRANCHISED) DISTRIBUTOR: A distr
44、ibutor that performs Authorized Distribution. A Franchised Distributor is considered synonymous with an Authorized Distributor. AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION: The governmental organization at the federal, national, state, or local levels having statutory authority to respond to, enforce, or prosecut
45、e laws. NOTE: Statutory authority can differ between countries. Examples are Customs, Judicial and Enforcement bodies. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6886 Page 6 of 19 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS (C of A): A document that certifies an analysis and gives the exact details about the refrigerants quality and complian
46、ce to specifications - relates specifically to the result of testing a representative sample drawn from the specific batch or lot of material it is purported to represent and stating that all refrigerants listed are genuine, new and unused unless otherwise specified in writing; are suitable for the
47、intended purpose; are not defective, suspect, or counterfeit; have not been provided under false pretenses; and have not been altered, damaged, deteriorated, or degraded. CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMANCE (C of C, CoC): A document provided by a supplier formally declaring that all buyer purchase order requ
48、irements have been met. The document may include information such as manufacturer, distributor, quantity, lot and/or date code, inspection date, etc., and is signed by a responsible party for the supplier. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN (C of O, CoO): A document completed by an exporter or its agent and cert
49、ified by an issuing body, attesting that the goods in a particular export shipment have been wholly produced, manufactured or processed in a particular country. DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT: A specific, written contract between the Manufacturer and the Distributor that authorizes the Distributor to resell the Manufacturers refrigerant. Contractual terms include, but are not limited to, distribution region, distribution products or lines
