1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org AS94900 AEROSPACE STANDARD Issued 2007-07 Aerospace - Flight Control Systems - Design, Installation and Test of Piloted Military Aircraft, General Specification For RATIONALE This document provides a comprehensive de
5、finition of the general performance, design, test, development and quality assurance requirements for military aircraft Flight Control Systems. Specific focus areas are flight safety and integration of the Flight Control System with other aircraft systems and subsystems, such as the electrical and h
6、ydraulic systems. It includes the applicable legacy requirements from U.S. Military Specifications MIL-H-9490D, and the inactive MIL-F-18372. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 4 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications 5 2.1.3 Other Publication
7、s. 8 2.2 Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols and their Definitions . 9 2.3 Definitions . 12 2.3.1 Classifications, Flight Categories, and Envelopes 12 2.3.2 FCS Classifications. 14 2.3.3 FCS Operational State Classifications 15 2.3.4 FCS Criticality Classifications . 15 2.3.5 Structural Classifications
8、. 16 2.3.6 Document Definitions 16 3. REQUIREMENTS . 16 3.1 General System Requirements. 16 3.1.1 Safety and Operability Considerations . 16 3.1.2 Reliability Considerations 18 3.1.3 Redundancy Considerations. 18 3.1.4 Maintainability Considerations 19 3.1.5 Survivability Requirements . 20 3.1.6 Ele
9、ctromagnetic Interference (EMI) Limits 24 3.2 System Performance Requirements. 24 3.2.1 General FCS Performance Requirements 24 3.2.2 Primary FCS Requirements 31 3.2.3 Secondary FCS (SFCS) 33 3.2.4 Automatic Flight Control Function (AFCF) Performance Requirements 35 3.3 System Testability Requiremen
10、ts . 50 3.3.1 System Test and Monitoring Provisions . 50 3.3.2 Built-In-Test (BIT) Equipment . 50 3.3.3 Maintenance BIT. 51 3.3.4 Preflight or Pre-engage BIT for Fly-By-Wire (FBW) Systems. 51 3.3.5 Preflight BIT Status Annunciation . 51 SAE AS94900 - 2 - 3.3.6 Portable Test Equipment 51 3.3.7 Use of
11、 Cockpit Instrumentation. 51 3.3.8 Ground Power Requirements for System Test. 51 3.3.9 Protection Against Dormant Failures 52 3.4 System Design Requirements 52 3.4.1 System General Design Requirements 52 3.4.2 Mechanical FCS Design . 52 3.4.3 Fixed Wing V/STOL Aircraft Requirements 53 3.4.4 Rotorcra
12、ft Requirements. 54 3.4.5 Electrical FCS Design . 54 3.4.6 Computational Methods and Software 57 3.5 Subsystem Design Requirements 59 3.5.1 Subsystem General Design Requirements. 59 3.5.2 Electrical Power Subsystems 59 3.5.3 Hydraulic Power Subsystems . 60 3.5.4 Pneumatic Power Subsystems . 60 3.5.5
13、 Actuation Subsystems 60 3.5.6 Trim Subsystem 73 3.5.7 Artificial Feel Subsystem. 73 3.5.8 Display and Annunciator Subsystem 74 3.5.9 Sensors . 75 3.6 Component Design and Fabrication Requirements 76 3.6.1 General Component Requirements 76 3.6.2 Mechanical Components 77 3.6.3 Electrical and Electron
14、ic Components 83 3.6.4 Assembly Design 85 3.6.5 Component Installation . 87 3.6.6 Component Fabrication. 87 3.6.7 Specific Component Requirements 88 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS 91 4.1 General Requirements 91 4.1.1 Methods for Demonstration of Compliance 91 4.2 Analysis Requirements . 92 4.2.1 Pi
15、loted Simulations 93 4.2.2 Reliability and Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis 93 4.2.3 Vulnerability Analysis 93 4.2.4 Maintainability Analysis. 93 4.2.5 System Safety Analysis. 93 4.2.6 Operation in Turbulence Analysis. 94 4.2.7 Stability Analysis . 94 4.2.8 Nuclear Survivability Analys
16、is. 94 4.3 Software Verification . 94 4.4 Test Requirement 95 4.4.1 General Test Requirements 95 4.4.2 Laboratory Tests . 96 4.4.3 Aircraft Ground Tests 97 4.4.4 Aircraft Flight Tests . 98 4.5 Qualification (Preproduction) Tests 98 4.5.1 Reliability Development Tests. 98 4.5.2 Maintainability Demons
17、tration. 98 4.5.3 Human Factors Engineering Verification Tests 98 4.5.4 Production/Acceptance Testing 99 4.6 Documentation 99 4.6.1 FCS Development Plan 99 4.6.2 FCS Specification 100 4.6.3 Design and Test Data Requirements 100 4.6.4 Software Documentation. 102 SAE AS94900 - 3 - FIGURE 1 ACCELERATIO
18、N WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 40 FIGURE 2 H/HCFREQUENCY RESPONSE REQUIREMENT 45 TABLE 1 FCS QUANTITATIVE FLIGHT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 17 TABLE 2 GAIN AND PHASE MARGIN REQUIREMENTS 26 TABLE 3 TURBULENCE INTENSITY EXCEEDANCE PROBABILITY . 28 TABLE 4 ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE GUST INTENSITIES FOR SELECTED CUMULATIVE EXCE
19、EDANCE PROBABILITIES (FEET PER SECOND TRUE AIRSPEED) . 29 TABLE 5 FAILURE TRANSIENTS . 31 TABLE 6 MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE CONTROL ACCURACY. 37 TABLE 7 PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE OF RIDE DISCOMFORT INDICES 39 SAE AS94900 - 4 - 1. SCOPE This specification establishes general performance, design, test, devel
20、opment and quality assurance requirements for the Flight Control Systems of military piloted aircraft. Flight Control Systems (FCS) include all components used to transmit flight control commands from the pilot or other sources to appropriate force and moment producers. Flight control commands norma
21、lly result in control of aircraft altitude, airspeed, flight path, attitude, aerodynamic or geometric configuration, ride quality, and structural modes. Among components included are the pilots controls, dedicated displays and logic switching, system inertial and air data sensors, signal computation
22、, test devices, mechanical transmission devices, actuators, power sources, and signal transmission lines dedicated to flight control. Excluded are aerodynamic surfaces, engines and engine control systems, rotorcraft rotors, fire control devices, crew displays and electronics not dedicated to flight
23、control. In the event of conflict between this specification and other referenced documents, this specification shall govern. The detail requirements for a particular system shall be specified in the FCS Specification, 4.6.2, the Aircraft Detail Specification, the contract, or purchase order for tha
24、t system. Most of the technical concepts and approaches covered by the document represent industry “best practice“. They are based on sound and proven engineering practices and have demonstrated successful production experience. Others require specific approval from the procuring activity before use
25、. This requirement for approval is not intended to prohibit their use; but rather to ensure that the prime contractor has fully investigated their capability to perform reliably and to be sufficiently durable under the required conditions and that the prime contractor can present substantiating evid
26、ence for approval before the design is committed to. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply and the applicable issue of other publicatio
27、ns shall be the issue in effect on the date of invitation for bids or request for proposal. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and the references cited herein, the text of this document takes preference. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regula
28、tions unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. ARP490 Electrohydraulic Servovalves ARP988 Electrohyd
29、raulic Mechanical Feedback Servovalves ARP1083 Airborne Hydraulic and Control System Survivability for Military Aircraft ARP1281 Actuators, Aircraft Flight Controls, Power Operated, Hydraulic, General Specification for ARP4058 Actuators: Mechanical Geared Rotary, General Specification for ARP4386 Te
30、rminology and Definitions for Aerospace Fluid Power, Actuation and Control Technologies ARP4493 Aerospace - Direct Drive Servovalves ARP4754 Certification Considerations for Highly-Integrated or Complex Aircraft Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on C
31、ivil Airborne Systems and Equipment SAE AS94900 - 5 - ARP4895 Aerospace - Flight Control Actuator Displacement - Method for Collection of Duty Cycle Data ARP5384 Power Drive Unit AS5440 Hydraulic Systems, Aircraft, Design and Installation Requirements For AS5643 Interface Requirements for Military a
32、nd Aerospace Vehicle Applications AS6038 Bearing, Ball, Bellcrank, Antifriction, Airframe AS6039 Bearing, Double Row, Ball, Sealed, Rod End, Antifriction, Self-Aligning AS7949 Bearing, Ball, Airframe, Antifriction AS7997 Motor, Aircraft Hydraulic, Constant Displacement General Specification For AS87
33、75 Hydraulic System Components, Aircraft and Missiles, General Specification for AS8976 Bearing, Plain, Self-Aligning, All-Metal AS15002 Fitting, Lubrication, Hydraulic, Surface Check, Straight Threads, Steel, Type II AS35411 Fittings, Lubrication AS50881 Wiring Aerospace Vehicles AS56761 Splicing;
34、Cable Terminal, Process for, Aircraft AS81820 Bearing, Plain, Self-Lubricating, Self-Aligning, Low Speed AMS-STD-2175 Casting, Classification and Inspection of AMS-A-22771 Aluminum Alloy Forgings, Heat Treated AMS-F-7190 Forging, Steel, for Aircraft/Aerospace Equipment and Special Ordnance Applicati
35、ons 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. Specifications MIL-A-8860 Airplane Strength and Rigidity, General Spe
36、cification MIL-A-8861 Airplane Strength and Rigidity, Flight Loads MIL-A-8865 Airplane Strength and Rigidity, Miscellaneous Loads MIL-A-8867 Airplane Strength and Rigidity, Ground Tests MIL-A-8870 Airplane Strength and Rigidity, Divergence, and Other Aeroelastic Instabilities MIL-A-87229 Auxillary P
37、ower Systems, Airborne MIL-C-81774 Control Panel, Aircraft, General Requirements for SAE AS94900 - 6 - MIL-DTL-781 Terminal; Wire Rope Swaging, General Specification for MIL-DTL-6117 Terminal, Wire Rope Assemblies, Swaged Type MIL-DTL-6193 Joint, Universal, Plain, Light and Heavy Duty General Specif
38、ication For MIL-DTL-7034 Pulleys, Groove, Antifriction Bearing, Grease Lubricated, Aircraft, General Specification For MIL-DTL-8878 Turnbuckles, Positive Safetying MIL-DTL-18375 Wire Rope, Flexible, Corrosion-Resisting, Nonmagnetic, For Aircraft Control MIL-DTL-83420 Wire Rope, Flexible, For Aircraf
39、t Control MIL-F-83300 Flying Qualities of Piloted V/STOL Aircraft MIL-I-8500 Interchangeability and Replacementability of Component Parts MIL-PRF-5503 Actuators: Aeronautical Linear Utility, Hydraulic, General Specification For MIL-PRF-7958 Push-Pull Controls, Flexible and Rigid MIL-S-8512 Support E
40、quipment, Aeronautical, Special, General Specification for the Design of MIL-STD-130 Identification Marking of US Military Property MIL-STD-202 Test Method Standard, Electronic and Electrical Component Parts MIL-STD-203 Aircrew Station Controls and Displays: Location, Arrangement and Actuation for M
41、IL-STD-461 Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics MIL-STD-464 Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Requirements for Systems MIL-STD-704 Aircraft Electric Power Characteristics MIL-STD-810 Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests MIL-STD-882 Standard Practice for System Sa
42、fety MIL-STD-1472 Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities MIL-STD-1530 Aircraft Structural Integrity Program, Airplane Requirements MIL-STD-1553 Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Date Bus MIL-STD-1773 Fiber Optics Mechanization of an Aircraft I
43、nternal Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus MIL-STD-1797 Flying Qualities of Piloted Aircraft MIL-STD-7080 Selection and Installation of Aircraft Electric Equipment SAE AS94900 - 7 - Standards MS33736 Turnbuckle Assemblies, Clip Locking of Military Handbooks MIL-HDBK-17 Composite Mater
44、ials Handbook MIL-HDBK-454 General Guidelines for Electronic Equipment MIL-HDBK-470 Designing and Developing Maintainable Products And Systems, Volume I and Volume II MIL-HDBK-516 Airworthiness Certification Criteria MIL-HDBK-781 Reliability Test Methods, Plans and Environments for Engineering Devel
45、opment, Qualification and Production MIL-HDBK-838 Lubrication of Military Equipment 2.1.2.1 Inactive Specifications and Standards The requirements of these specifications apply to re-procurements of in-service equipment or legacy systems/subsystems/components being utilized in new systems or later m
46、odel aircraft. MIL-E-5400 Electronic Equipment, Airborne, General Specification for MIL-M-7969 Motor, AC, 400 Cycle 115/200 Volt System, Aircraft, General Specification for MIL-M-8609 Motor, DC, 28 Volt System, Aircraft, General Specification for MIL-H-8890 Hydraulic Components, Type III (-65 Deg to
47、 Plus 450 Deg F) General Specification for (ASG) MIL-H-8891 Hydraulic Systems, Manned Flight Vehicles, Type III Design, Installation and Data Requirements For, General Specification For MIL-M-38510 Microcircuits, General Specification For 2.1.2.2 Military Guide Specifications Available from ASC/ENSI
48、, Building 560, 2530 Loop Rd West, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7101, Tel: 937-255-6296. JSSG-2001 DOD Joint Service Specification Guide, Air Vehicle JSSG-2006 Aircraft Structures JSSG-2008 DOD Joint Service Specification Guide, Vehicle Control and Management System AFSC DH 1-2 General Design Facto
49、rs AFSC DH 1-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility AFSC DH 1-5 Environmental Engineering SAE AS94900 - 8 - AFSC DH 1-6 System Safety AFSC DH 2-1 Airframe AFSC DH 2-2 Crew Stations and Passenger Accommodations 2.1.2.3 Rotorcraft Design Standards Available from U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate (AFDD) Mail Stop 243-11 Moffet Field, CA 94035. ADS-33E-PRF Aeronautical Design Standard Performance Specification Handling Qualities Requirements for M
