1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org J1297 REV. JUL2007 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT Issued 1980-04 Revised 2007-07 Superseding J1297 SEP2002 Alternative Automotive Fuels RATIONALE This revision of J1297 is necessary to reflect the results of rece
5、ntly enacted legislation involving alternative fuels, new research findings and their associated programs, and the need to include new relevant references. FOREWORD Relevant SAE documents that may be useful in dealing with alternative automotive fuels include: SAE J312, SAE J313, SAE J1498, SAE J151
6、5, SAE J1616, and SAE J1829. An alternative automotive fuel is a general term for any automotive fuel other than conventionally refined gasoline and diesel fuel found in the commercial marketplace. Additionally, an alternative fuel is any other fuel determined to be substantially not petroleum that
7、yields energy security benefits and environmental benefits. Other than gasoline, the alternative fuels commonly used in spark-ignition engines in various parts of the world are compressed or liquefied natural gas (CNG or LNG), primarily methane; propane, frequently referred to as LPG (liquefied petr
8、oleum gas); hydrous ethyl alcohol (ethanol), particularly in Brazil; gasohol (Reference 1) a blend, as typically used in the United States, of 90% by volume gasoline and 10% by volume denatured, nominally anhydrous ethanol which is now referred to as E10; fuel methanol (M70-M85) containing small per
9、centages of hydrocarbons; fuel ethanol (E75-E85) containing small percentages of hydrocarbons and reformulated gasolines containing methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethanol, ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), or tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME). E85 is commonly used to
10、cover high-content ethanol blends ranging from 75 to 85% by volume denatured fuel ethanol and 25 to 15% by volume gasoline. The term Ed75-Ed85 is sometimes used since denatured ethanol is used in the blend, but in this report E85 will be used to cover the blend range. Although gasohol and reformulat
11、ed gasoline are not considered as alternative fuels but contain blending components that individually are considered as alternative fuels, they have been included in this report for completeness. Gasoline containing tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) and mixtures of methanol and higher molecular weight al
12、cohols had been used briefly during the early 1980s. In the gasoline blend applications, the ethers and the alcohols have been used as octane improvers and as fuel extenders, particularly in the United States, Western Europe, Canada, and Brazil. Ethers have been banned in a number of states because
13、of concern over ground water contamination. Ethers and alcohols commonly are referred to as oxygenates, because they contain chemically bound oxygen. Applicable documents from ASTM International are: ASTM D 9751, ASTM D 1655, ASTM D 1835, ASTM D 3699, ASTM D 4806, ASTM D 4814, ASTM D 4815, ASTM D 57
14、97, ASTM D 5798, ASTM D 5845, ASTM D 5983, ASTM D 5986, ASTM D 6615, ASTM D 6751, and ASTM D 6839. Other possible alternative fuels for either spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines include Biofuels such as Biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) or Gas-to-Liquid/Coal-to-Liquid/Biomass-to-Liquid Sy
15、nthetic Fuels, Water-in-Fuel or Fuel-in-Water Emulsions, other ethers such as Diethyl Ether (DEE) or Dimethyl Ether (DME), and other alcohols, particularly methanol, which was widely used as a racing fuel but has now been replaced by ethanol or high 1References to ASTM Standards in this document are
16、 to most recent publications. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1297 Revised JUL2007 - 2 - ethanol/gasoline blends. The use of such fuels is being encouraged in the United States b
17、y federal and state legislative and regulatory activities including the U.S. Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988, the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, environmental regulations adopted by California in 1990, the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 1992, the U.S. Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act o
18、f 1998, and the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005. The near-neat alcohols have been evaluated extensively in many countries in vehicles equipped with engines which have been retrofitted or specifically designed to use these alternative fuels. From these efforts, a mixture of 85% by volume methanol or d
19、enatured ethanol and 15% by volume hydrocarbons or gasoline, referred to as M85 or E85, respectively, have evolved as the preferred fuels for spark-ignition engines by some. Gasoline or a hydrocarbon mixture is used in either M85 or E85 to enhance vehicle startability and, as a safety feature, to in
20、crease the visibility of burning methanol or ethanol. So-called flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) have been developed which can be fueled by both M85 and gasoline alone or, E85 and gasoline alone (Reference 2). Fuel methanol and fuel ethanol without added hydrocarbon or gasoline (that is, M100 or E100,
21、often referred to as neat alcohols, have also been evaluated in many countries in vehicles equipped with modified compression-ignition (CI) type engines (Reference 3) as well as those equipped with spark-ignition engines. Both the FFVs and at least one M100 CI engine have reached the commercial prod
22、uction stage of development (References 4, 5). Blends of natural gas liquids, ethanol, and biomass derived co-solvents are also being evaluated for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine applications. Engines made to be capable of using an alcohol as the primary fuel component will requ
23、ire new lubricating oils specifically formulated to provide optimum durability for such engines. Changes in the fuel storage and distribution infrastructure can also be expected to occur to accommodate the alternative fuels. Fuels derived from biomass sources including, e.g., vegetable oils and thei
24、r derivatives, have been widely investigated as a means of extending diesel fuels. One such fuel, a biodiesel consisting of 20% by volume soy methyl ester blended with 80% by volume petroleum diesel fuel (B20), has recently been approved under the Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act and is being
25、 actively evaluated as an alternative fuel. Since its introduction, biodiesel now consists of not only fatty acid methyl esters made from vegetable oil, but also fatty acid methyl esters made from animal fat, or waste/recycled grease. EPA has since proposed a two-part definition for bio-based diesel
26、 fuel, one being Biodiesel (Mono-Alkyl Esters) whereas the other is Non-Ester Renewable Diesel. In another area, a wide boiling range petroleum fuel, which has been used as a jet fuel, has been considered for gas turbine and stratified-charge engines. The Department of Defense (DOD) has implemented
27、the Single Fuel on the Battlefield policy which mandates that all combat and tactical diesel fueled ground vehicles and equipment are to use an aviation kerosine (i.e., JP-8 or JP-5) in place of diesel fuel (Reference 69). This policy allows both aviation and ground materiel systems to use the same
28、common fuel which significantly reduces the logistics of fuel supply and distribution. Thus, JP-8 and JP-5 have become alternative fuels for DODs diesel fueled ground vehicle and equipment fleet. Since implementing the Single Fuel on the Battlefield Policy in early 1990, DOD has initiated the Clean
29、Fuels Initiative in 2004, which is intended to catalyze the commercial industry to produce clean fuels for the military from secure domestic resources with the initial focus being on utilizing fuels generated by the Fischer-Tropsch process. Additional information on alternative fuels, their propert
30、ies, storage and dispensing considerations and vehicle facility modifications can be found in a recently published guidebook (Reference 6). 1. SCOPE This SAE Information Report provides information on certain fuels that are being used or have been suggested as alternatives to motor gasoline (SAE J31
31、2) or automotive diesel fuel (SAE J313) for use in spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines. Some of these fuels are derived from petroleum while others are from non petroleum sources. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of this specification to the
32、 extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1297 Revised JUL2007 - 3 - 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE,
33、400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J312 Automotive Gasolines SAE J313 Diesel Fuels SAE J1498 Heating Value of Fuels SAE J1515 Impact of Alternative Fuels on Engine Test and Reporting Procedures
34、SAE J1616 Recommended Practice for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel SAE J1681 Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials Testing SAE J1829 Stoichiometric Air/Fuel Ratios of Automotive Fuels SAE Cooperative Research Report, a Discussion of M85 (85% Methanol) Fuel Specifications an
35、d Their Significance, SAE Project Group 3, September 1991 SAE Cooperative Research Report, Gasoline/Methanol Mixtures for Materials Testing, SAE Project Group 2, September 1990 2.1.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 61
36、0-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D 975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils ASTM D 1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels ASTM D 1835 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases ASTM D 2163 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases and Pro
37、pylene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography NOTE: ASTM D 2163 was withdrawn in 2005 without replacement. ASTM D 3699 Standard Specification for Kerosine ASTM D 4806 Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending With Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D 481
38、4 Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D 4815 Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Tertiary-Amyl Alcohol, and C1to C4Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography ASTM D 5797 Standard Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for Automotive
39、Spark-Ignition Engines ASTM D 5798 Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines ASTM D 5845 Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol, and Tert-Butanol by Infrared Spectroscopy Copyright SAE International Provided
40、 by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1297 Revised JUL2007 - 4 - ASTM D 5983 Standard Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) for Downstream Blending for Use in Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D 5
41、986 Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates, Benzene, Toluene, C8 C12Aromatics and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ASTM D 6615 Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel ASTM D 6751 Standard Specific
42、ation for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels ASTM D 6839 Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds and Benzene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas Chromatography 2.1.3 Literature References Cited 1. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985
43、Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 05.01, “Information Document on Gasohol,” Philadelphia, PA. 2. ”Development of Alternative Motor Fuels Pushed,” Oil and Gas Journal, May 9, 1988, p. 24. 3. “Methanol Fuel Looks Good Again,” Machine Design, December 10, 1987, p. 22. 4. New Fuels Report, January 13, 1992
44、, p. 1. 5. S. P. Miller, “DDCs Production 6V-92TA Methanol Bus Engine,” Paper 911631 presented at SAE Future Transportation Technology Conference and Exposition, Portland, Oregon, August 57, 1991. 6. Richard L. Bechtold, “Alternative Fuels Guidebook,” ISBN 0-7680-0052-1, 1997, Society of Automotive
45、Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 7. Letter from R. D. Wilson, Director, EPA Office of Mobile Sources, to B. G. Henneke, Jr., President, Energy Fuels Development Corp., December 15, 1986. 8. Letter from R. D. Wilson, Director, EPA Office of Mobile Sources, to W. Wells III, Vice President, Chemical Fuels Co
46、rp., March 27, 1987. 9. A. E. Felt and R. V. Kerley, “Anti-Knock Compounds Applied to LP-Gas,” presented at 65th Annual Meeting of American Society for Testing and Materials, New York, NY, June 23, 1962. 10. N. E. Gallopoulos, “Alternative Fuels for Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines.” Reprin
47、ted from “Alternative Hydrocarbon Fuels: Combustion and Chemical Kinetics.” Edited by Craig T. Bowman and Jorgen Birkeland, Vol. 62, 1978, of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. 10a. A. Cattelan, J, Wallace, “Exhaust Emission and Energy Consumption Effects from Hydrogen Supplementation of Natu
48、ral Gas,” Paper 952497 presented at the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 1995. 11. Ana Rodriguez-Forker, et al., Butane/Propane Mixtures as Fleet Fuels,” Automotive Engineering International Magazine, December 1999, p. 41. 12. “Alternative Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines,” Automotive Engineering, December 1983, Vol. 91, Number 12, pp. 30-33. 13. Chemical and Engineering News, January 15, 1990, p. 6. 14. Norman L. Kline, “German Military Fuels and Lubricants,” Paper 460170 presented at the SAE German Engineering Evaluation Meeting, Detroit, MI March 1946.
