1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1994 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001RECOMMENDEDPRACTICESubmitted for recognition as an American National Sta
4、ndardJ1616ISSUEDFEB94Issued 1994-02RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS VEHICLE FUELForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvan
5、tageswhen compared to gasoline. It has a good octane quality, is clean burning, easy to meter, and generallyproduces lower vehicle exhaust emissions. CNG is used to fuel internal combustion engines. Natural gas isnormally compressed form 20 690 to 24 820 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energ
6、y density therebyreducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and payload.The properties of natural gas are influenced by (1) the processing of natural gas by the production andtransmission companies and (2) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distributio
7、ncompanies often in concert with pipeline companies to maintain uninterrupted service throughout the year,e.g., peakshaving with propane-air (see U.S. Bureau of Mines Publication 503).Information on the properties of distribution system natural gas and its variability has been included in Figure 1an
8、d can be found in GRI-92/0123. The analysis in this reference summarizes the expected composition ofnatural gas in 26 cities. Composition can vary hourly under certain operating conditions in certain areas of thecountry. Thus the data should generally be considered representative for the areas menti
9、oned with dueconsideration for local variation.Natural gas is comprised chiefly of methane (generally 88 to 96 mole percent) with the balance being adecreasing proportion of non-methane alkanes (i.e., ethane, propane, butanes, etc.).Other components found in natural gas are nitrogen (N2), carbon dio
10、xide (CO2), water, oxygen, and traceamounts of lubricating oil (from compressors) and sulfur found as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfurcompounds. Before entering the transmission system, it is processed to meet limits on hydrogen sulfide,water, condensibles of heavier hydrocarbons, inert gases
11、 such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and energycontent. Mercaptan odorants (e.g., tertiary butyl mercaptan) are added by local distribution companies(LDCs) for safety reasons to detect the presence of natural gas which otherwise would be odorless.Water content and other corrosion precursors, heavie
12、r hydrocarbons which may condense within the fuelcontainer, particulate matter, oil and energy content need to be controlled in order to minimize corrosion andprovide satisfactory low-temperature vehicle operation, performance, and emissions levels.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Lice
13、nsed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J1616 Issued FEB94-2-FIGURE 1NATIONAL WEIGHTED DISTRIBUTIONSCOPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J1616 Issued FEB94-3-The provisions contained in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to protect the
14、interior surfaces ofthe fuel container and other vehicle fuel system components such as fuel injector and exhaust catalystelements from the onset of corrosion, poisoning, the deposition of liquids or large dust particles, or theformation of water, ice particles, frost, or hydrates. The provisions co
15、ntained in this document are not intendedto address the composition of natural gas as delivered to a fueling station, but rather at the outlet of the fuelingstation as delivered into the containers on the vehicle. Limits on gas composition constituents currently notincluded in this document may be a
16、dded when data are available to substantiate them.1.1 PurposeThis document presents the more important physical and chemical characteristics of compressednatural gas vehicle fuel and describes pertinent test methods for defining or evaluating these properties.In order for compressed Natural Gas Vehi
17、cles (NGVs) to effectively provide satisfactory and safe operation forusers, there is a need to address specific issues relative to the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel. The twoprimary areas relate to (1) compressed storage of natural gas and (2) vehicle fuel system and engineperformance issues.
18、 These provisions have been derived through a joint effort of the SAE TC-7 Natural GasVehicle Task Force and the Technology Committee of the Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition.NOTEThis document is intended as a guide and is subject to change to keep pace with experience andtechnical advances. The followi
19、ng are separate documents that are not part of the document, but areadded as an Informative Appendix (Appendix A).Background StatementSummarizes the development of the maximum water content provision for SAEJ1616. Excerpts from ANSI AGA/NGV2Basic Requirements for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle FuelC
20、ontainers Bibliography of SAE Publications and Other Publications. Rationale Document for SAE J1616.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATI
21、ONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAEPaper902069Ambient Temperature and Driving Cycle Effects on CNG Motor Vehicle Emissions,Gabelle, P., Crews, W., Perry, N., Lenning, J., Knapp, K. T., Ray, W.D., Snow, R.SAEPaper920593The Impact of Natural Gas Fuel Compositio
22、n on Fuel Metering and EngineOperational Characteristics, King, S.R.2.1.2 ANSI PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ANSIAGA/NGV2,1992Basic Requirements for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) FuelContainers2.1.3 ASHRAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from ASHRAE, 1791 T
23、ullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.ASHRAE HandbookCOPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J1616 Issued FEB94-4-2.1.4 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187.ASTMD1142-90Test Method for Water Vapor Content
24、 of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew PointTemperatureASTM D 1945-91Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas ChromatographyASTMD3588-91Standard Method for Calculating Calorific Value and Specific Gravity “Relative Density“of Gaseous FuelsASTM D 4084-88Test Method for Analysis of H2S in Gaseo
25、us Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Method)2.1.5 ADMINISTRATION PUBLICATIONAvailable from National Climatic Data Center, Federal Building, Asheville, NC28001.Climatography of the U.S. No. 20, Climatic Summaries for Selected Sites, 195180Comparative Climatic Data for the United States through 1991, U.S.
26、Dept. of Commerces NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration2.1.6 GRI PUBLICATIONSAvailable from Gas Research Institute, 8600 West Byr Mawr Avenue, Chicago, IL 60631.GRI-91/1011,92/0123Variability of Natural Gas Composition in Select Major Metropolitan Areas of theUnited States, Final Report, M
27、arch 1992, Liss, W.E. and Thrasher, W.R.GRI-92/0150Effect of Gas Composition on Octane Number of Natural Gas Fuels, Kubesh, J.Gas Engineers Handbook, Industrial Press Inc., New York, 19652.1.7 NFPA PUBLICATIONAvailable from National Fire Protection Agency, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,Quincy,
28、MA 02269-9101.NFPA 52 1992 EditionCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems2.1.8 U.S. BUREAU OF MINES PUBLICATIONAvailable from U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, 1849C Street NW, Washington, DC 20250.U.S. Bureau of Mines Publication 503, Copyright 19522.2 Related Publicatio
29、nsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1 GRI PUBLICATIONAvailable from Gas Research Institute, 8600 West Byr Mawr Avenue, Chicago, IL 60631.GRI 92/0158, 1992Proceedings of the Gas Research Institute Natural Gas Vehicle
30、Fuel CompositionWorkshop Held February 13, 1992, Rosemont, IL2.2.2 ISO PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ISO6326-2-1981Gas analysisDetermination of sulfur compounds in natural gasPart 2: Gaschromatographic method using and electrochemical detector for the
31、determination ofodoriferous sulfur compoundsISO6570-3-1989Natural gasDetermination of potential hydrocarbon liquid contentPart 3,Volumetric methodISO 6977-1983Natural gasDetection of water and methanol content, gas chromatograph method3. Definitions3.1 Dew Point TemperatureThe temperature, reference
32、d to a specific pressure, at which water vapor or othervapor phase components begin to condense.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J1616 Issued FEB94-5-3.2 Pressure Water Dew Point (At Container Pressure)The water dew point temperature of the
33、gas at themaximum anticipated pressure in the fuel storage container(s) of the CNG vehicular fuel system (usuallymeasured in the fueling station storage container(s) prior to pressure reduction). When presenting orreferencing dew point, the value shall be given in terms of the container pressure; e.
34、g., 20 C, (4 F) dewpoint at 24 820 kPa (3600 psig).3.3 Pressure Hydrocarbon Dew Point (At Container Pressure)The hydrocarbon dew point temperature ofthe gas at the maximum anticipated container(s) pressure of the CNG vehicular fuel system (usually measuredin the fueling station storage container(s)
35、prior to pressure reduction). When presenting or referencing dewpoint, the value shall be given in terms of the container pressure; e.g. 20 C (4 F) dew point at 24 820 kPa(3600 psig).3.4 MicrometreA metric measure with a value of 10 6 m or 0.000001 m (also referred to as “micron“). TheANSI spelling
36、of “micrometre“ for dimension and “micrometer“ for the measuring tool is used in this document.3.5 (PPM)Represents parts per million and can be given on a volume or mass basis. The abbreviation shall beppm (v/v) for volume, or m/m for mass: e.g., 1.0 ppm (v/v), which corresponds to 1.0 m3 (CO2 or ot
37、her limitedconstituent) per million (1 000 000) m3 of natural gas at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.There are numerous “standard conditions“ in use in the gas industry. For purposes of this document, thevalues being adopted by ISO of 101.325 kPa (14.7 psig) and 288.15 K (15 C or 59
38、F) are used.3.6 Specific GravityAlso known as relative density, is the ratio of the density of natural gas (kg/m3) to thedensity of air measured at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.3.7 Wobbe Index (WI)Also known as Wobbe Number (WN), is a measure of fuel energy flow rate through afixe
39、d orifice under given inlet conditions.4. Properties Related to Containers and Vehicle Fuel System CorrosionNatural gas for vehicle fuel use istypically stored in a high-density gaseous state at CNG fueling stations at peak tank pressures of 24 820 to34480 kPa (3600 to 5000 psig) and on board vehicl
40、es at peak tank pressures of 20 690 to 24 820 kPa (3000 to3600 psig) in cylinders made of metal (e.g., steel or aluminum), metal liners with resin-reinforced filamentwinding, or non-metallic liners with resin-reinforced filament winding. It is essential that all safety factors mustprovide adequate s
41、afety margin for rupture pressure as well as resistance to corrosion, fatigue, fire, vibration,and mechanical damage. Cylinder failures can be caused by corrosion or corrosion-related damage, i.e.,stress corrosion cracking (essentially hydrogen embrittlement) or corrosion fatigue.Specific fuel compo
42、nents can impact cylinder integrity. The most critical potential issue is crack growth due tocorrosion fatigue. This process occurs due to the combined action of corrosion agents in natural gashydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water (or water vapor)and the pressure cycling associated with periodical
43、lyexpending and replenishing the fuel storage cylinder. Complementary discussion of issues related tocompressed gas storage is available in Appendix A.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J1616 Issued FEB94-6-4.1 Pressure Water Dew Point Tempera
44、tureThe pressure water dew point temperature of the fuel should becompatible with the specific geographical location in which the vehicle will operate and should be set such thatcondensation of water will not occur in the storage cylinder at the maximum operating container pressure. Thelocal dew poi
45、nt temperature of the fuel should be defined as 5.6 C (10 F) below the monthly lowest dry-bulbtemperature as found in U.S. Dept. of Commerces National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPublication: “Comparative Climatic Data for the United States through 1991,“ at the maximum operatingcontainer
46、pressure. Data for specific states/cities can be found in the Departments “Climatography of the U.S.No. 20: Climatic Summaries for Selected Sites, 195180.“ The margin of 5.6 C (10 F) is intended to providesome allowance for expansion cooling as gas flows throughout the fuel system components. Expans
47、ioncooling will generally lead to greater temperature decreases than 5.6 C (10 F). Hence, freezing in the fuelsystem may occur if the fuel gas is not extremely dry. It should be noted that current hydromatic devices havebeen found to be inherently inaccurate below 1.6 x 105 kg/m3 (1 lb/mmscf). Futur
48、e engineering developmentprograms are expected to better define the appropriate specification in this regard.The fuel provider or station operator should determine the most appropriate method to maintain the pressurewater dew point limit. Future changes to NFPA-52 will address specific safety requir
49、ements.Pressure water dew point is determined by ASTM D 1142-90.4.2 Hydrogen Sulfide ConcentrationGiven that the corrosive environment is controlled via the limited waterconcentration per 3.1, no limitations are required on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide for this purpose.However, the total content of sulfur compounds, including odorants, should be limited to 1.0 grain per 2.83 m3(100 ft3) 8 to 30 ppm mass to avoid excessive exhaust catalyst poisoning.Hydrogen sulfide concentration is determined by ASTM D 4084-88
