1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.s
3、ae.orgCopyright 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001RECOMMENDEDPRACTICESubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ1681REV.JAN2000Issued 1993-09Revised 2000-01Superseding J1681 S
4、EP1993(R) Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials TestingForewordThis SAE Recommended Practice is based on the product of the SAE Cooperative Research Program,Project Group 2 which has been extended to cover the current conventional and oxygenated gasolines and dieselfuels. SAE C
5、ooperative Research Project Group 2 was formed by the Oxygenated Fuels Task Force, which iscomposed of OEM automotive engineering executives. The task of the Oxygenated Fuels Task Force is to identifyand prioritize potential areas for pre-competitive cooperative research programs to be administered
6、by SAE. Thespecific scope of Project Group 2 was to develop and exchange information relative to materials and test methodsfor use with blends of methanol and gasoline. An SAE Cooperative Research Report titled, “Gasoline/MethanolMixtures for Materials Testing,” was published in September 1990. Info
7、rmation from this report was published asSAE J1681 in September 1993. This revision of SAE J1681 provides information presented in earlier versions andincludes additional fluids that can be used to simulate current conventional and oxygenated gasolines and dieselfuels. New in this revision is a list
8、ing of ”Worldwide Test Fuels.” This list is presented in Appendix G.1. ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice presents recommendations for test fluids that can be used tosimulate real world fuels. The use of standardized test fluids is required in order to limit the variability found incommercial fuels
9、and fluids. Commercial fuels can vary substantially between manufacturers, batches,seasons, and geographic location. Further, standardized test fluids are universally available and will promoteconsistent test results for materials testing. Therefore, this documenta. Explains commercial automotive fu
10、el componentsb. Defines standardized components of materials test fluidsc. Defines a nomenclature for test fluidsd. Describes preparations for test fluids and e. Recommends fluids for testing fuel system materialsThe test fluid compositions specified in Section 7 of this document are recommended sol
11、ely for evaluatingmaterials. They are not intended for other activities, such as engine development, design verification, orprocess validation unless agreed upon by the contracting parties. The marketplace test fuels listed inAppendix B of this document can be used for engine, vehicle, or component
12、testing.Most marketplace fuels contain additives for such purposes as oxidation stability, intake and combustionchamber deposit control, anti-foaming, electrostatics, octane, etc., applied at a parts per million basis. It is notthe intention of this document to include a surrogate for the potential
13、effects of these additives. As far as thiscommittee is aware, current additives do not adversely effect fuel system materials. Those contemplating newor improved additives for future application could use the basic test fluids or fuels from this document, injectsuch additives and use the resulting m
14、ixtures to assess whether these new additives might effect fuel systemmaterials.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1681 Revised JAN2000-2-For the purposes of this document, the term F
15、UEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon orhydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied tomixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to define stand
16、ardized surrogate gasoline and diesel mixtures tobe used in materials testing, and to publish these compositions. This document also promotes the use of itsstandardized test fluids to permit consistent results from materials testing and more uniform specification ofmaterials. Formulations in this do
17、cument are intended to exaggerate the effects of typical severe fuel onmaterials, as well as to allow the tests to be conducted in a reasonable amount of time.2. References 2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless o
18、therwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1681 MAR93Gasoline/Methanol Mixtures for Materials TestingSAEJ1748Methods for Determining Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials
19、 Exposed to Gasoline/Oxygenate Fuel Mixture2.1.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTMD56Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed TesterASTMD86Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum ProductsASTMD93Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed C
20、up TesterASTMD130Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the CopperStrip Tarnish TestASTMD156Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)ASTMD287Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroluem and Petroleum Products (HydrometerMetho
21、d)ASTMD323Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)ASTMD381Test method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet EvaporationASTMD445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation ofDynamic Viscosity)ASTMD471/ISO1817andISO4639-3Rubber Hoses and
22、Tubing for Fuel Circuits for InternalCombustion Engines - Part 3, Oxidized FuelASTMD525Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)ASTMD611Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products andHydrocarbon SolventsASTMD613Test Method for Cetane N
23、umber of Diesel Fuel OilASTMD664Test Method for Acid Numer of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationASTMD841Specification for Nitration Grade TolueneASTMD847Test Method for Acidity of Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Solvent Napththas, and SimilarIndustrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 848Test Meth
24、od for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 849Test Method for Carbon Strip Corrosion by Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 850Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related MaterialsASTMD853Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide Co
25、ntent (Qualitative) of IndustrialAromatic HydrocarbonsASTM D 874Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and AdditivesASTM D 891Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial ChemicalsASTMD1152-97Standard Specification for Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)ASTM D 1193Specificatio
26、n for Reagent WaterCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1681 Revised JAN2000-3-ASTMD1209Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)ASTM D 1266Test Method for Sulfur i
27、n Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)ASTMD1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of CrudePetroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodASTMD1319Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by FluorescentIndicator AdsorptionASTMD1
28、353Test method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsASTMD1363Test method for Permanganate Time of Acetone and MethanolASTMD1364Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method)ASTMD1612Test Method for Acet
29、one in Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)ASTMD1613-96Standard Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical IntermediatesUsed in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products ASTMD1722Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble SolventsASTMD2268Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Hept
30、ane and Isooctane by Capillary GasChromatographyASTMD2360Test Method for Trace Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by GasChromatographyASTMD2500Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum OilsASTMD2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by X-Ray SpectrometryASTM D2699Test Method for
31、 Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelASTM D 2700Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition FuelASTM D 2709Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeASTMD3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons b
32、yOxidative MicrocoulometryASTMD3231Test Method for Phosphorus In GasolineASTMD3237Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectrometryASTMD3606Test Method for the Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor andAviationGasoline by Gas ChromatographyASTMD4045Test Method for Su
33、lfur in Petroleum Products by Hydrogenolysis and RateometricColorimetryASTMD4052Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density MeterASTMD4176Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (VisualInspection Procedures)ASTMD4294Test Method for
34、Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray FluorescenceSpectroscopyASTMD4530Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)ASTMD4806Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Alcohol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark Ignition Engine FuelASTMD4814Specif
35、ication for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelASTMD4815Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol andC1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyASTMD5191Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)ASTMD5254Practice for Minimum Set
36、of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water SiteASTMD5441Test Method for Analysis of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Gas ChromatographyASTMD5453Test Method for the Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels andOils by Ultraviolet FluorescenceASTMD5797-96Standard Specification
37、 for Fuel Methanol (M70 - M85) for Automotive Spark IgnitionEnginesASTMD5798-98aStandard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75 - Ed85) for Automotive Spark IgnitionEnginesASTM D 6423-99Standard Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol. Denatured Fuel Ethanoland Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)ASTM E 2
38、03Test Method for Water Using Karl Fischer ReagentCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1681 Revised JAN2000-4-ASTME298-98Standard Test Method for Assay of Organic PeroxidesASTM E 346Tes
39、t Methods for Analysis of MethanolASTM as PS122-99Provisional Standard Specification for BioDiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock forDistillate Fuels2.1.3 ARB PUBLICATIONAvailable from State of California Air Resources Board in Sacramento.ARB MLD 162.1.4 CEC PUBLICATIONSAvailable from Coordinating European
40、 Council for the Development of PerformanceTests for Transportation Fuels, Lubricants and other Fluids, Madou Plaza - 25th Floor, Place Madou 1,B-1030 Brussels, BelgiumCEC-RF-01-A-80CEC-RF-08-A-852.1.5 DIN PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.DIN 51 6042.1
41、.6 FEDERAL PUBLICATIONSAvailable from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9320. http:/www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html.27 CFR 21.242.1.7 ISO PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-80
42、02.ISO 1817Rubber, vulcanizedDetermination of the effect of liquids2.1.8 NF PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ?NF EN 22719NF ISO 3991NF T 60-700NF T 60-702NF T 60-7032.1.9 OTHER PUBLICATIONSMazich, Rossi, and Smith, “Macromolecules 25, 6929,” (1992)2.2 Related PublicationThe following publication is for in
43、formation purposes only and is not a required part ofthis specification.SAE J1747Recommended Methods for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Gasoline/Methanol Fuel Mixtures 3. Explanation of Commercial Automotive Fuel Components3.1 GeneralAutomotive fuels are made from many compounds that are derived from
44、 petroleum, natural gas,and biomass. Materials that come into contact with fuel components are affected in different ways. Thisdocument identifies the significant components of fuel mixtures and includes those components inrecommended testing formulations. A discussion of the fuel components is offe
45、red.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1681 Revised JAN2000-5-3.2 Major Fuel Components3.2.1 ALKANESThe alkane component group includes straight chain, branched chain, and cyclic alip
46、hatichydrocarbons. The alkanes are often referred to as paraffins and are derived from the naphtha fractionsfrom a refinery or gas processing facility.Polymeric materials can sorb alkanes, which can in turn cause swelling. Extensive earlier work on rubbermaterials was performed using the alkane isoo
47、ctane (2,2,4 - trimethyl pentane).3.2.2 AROMATICSThe aromatics group includes molecules based on the six-member ring compound benzene,and substituted benzenes, such as toluene, and xylenes. The aromatics also include molecules containingadditional carbons in various configurations and positions on a
48、 benzene molecule.Polymeric materials can undergo swelling and decomposition when exposed to high concentrations ofaromatics. Extensive earlier work on rubber materials was performed using the aromatic toluene, generallyin a mixture with the alkane isooctane.3.2.3 OXYGENATESThe oxygenates in fuel bl
49、ends include lower molecular weight alcohols, such as methanol(MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH). The oxygenates also include ethers such as methyl tertiary - butyl ether(MTBE), ethyl tertiary - butyl ether (ETBE), and tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME). The oxygenatedcompounds are manufactured to create useful fuel components starting with natural gas, certain natural gasliquids, certain refinery and petrochemical intermediates, and alco
