1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National Stand
4、ardJ1682ISSUEDSEP93Issued 1993-09VALVE GUIDE INFORMATION REPORTForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.Valve guides are installed in internal combustion engine heads as axial bearings for the valve stem, and they holdthe valve face
5、coaxial to the head or block seat. They also serve as heat sinks to cool the valves.Valve guides are typically hollow metallic cylinders. Other materials such as ceramic and ceramic-coated metalshave been used on an experimental basis.The most common installation practice is to retain the valve guid
6、e through an interference fit between it and themating counterbore. In addition to retaining the guide, the fit promotes efficient heat transfer from the guide to themating counterbore material.1. ScopeThis SAE Information Report provides:a. Types of valve guides and their nomenclatureb. Valve guide
7、 alloy designations and their chemistriesc. Valve guide alloy metallurgyd. Typical mechanical and physical properties of guide alloyse. Typical dimensional tolerances of valve guides and their counterboresf. Recommended interference fitsg. Installation proceduresh. Application considerations2. Refer
8、encesThere are no referenced publications specified herein.3. Types of Valve Guides3.1 Standard Valve GuidesFigure 1 shows the most common types of valve guides. Smooth bore guides aremost common in passenger car operations. For heavy-duty engines, helical grooves are often machined, asshown in Figu
9、re 1B, into the valve guide bore for oil retention. However, heavy-duty engine manufacturers areabandoning this practice because of emission concerns. Figure 1C shows a guide with a retaining flangewhich can be used for location as well as retention. A typical valve guide installation showing the re
10、lationshipof the valve guide to other components is illustrated in Figure 2.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-2-FIGURE 1CROSS SECTION OF VALVE GUIDESCopyright SAE I
11、nternational Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-3-FIGURE 2CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF CYLINDER HEAD SHOWING INSTALLED VALVE GUIDE4. Valve Guide Alloy DesignationsTable 1 enumerates typical valve gu
12、ide materials and chemicalcompositions. Table 2 lists the manufacturers and their usage. All tabular data is submitted by themanufacturers as typical.5. Valve Guide Alloy Metallurgy5.1 GeneralValve guides are manufactured using cast, wrought, or sintered powder metal (P/M) processes.Wear resistance
13、is generally related to bulk hardness and volume fractions of soft and hard phases present, aswell as to lubrication. Valve guides may be heat treated or surface coated for wear resistance. Table 3describes the typical microstructural constituents of the valve guide materials enumerated in this docu
14、ment.Table 4 lists typical valve guide processing information.5.2 Cast AlloysValve guides are most frequently made from pearlitic cast iron. The microstructure of theseguides should consist primarily of type A and B graphite, size 4 to 7. Type D and E graphite should be held toa minimum. The graphit
15、e morphology should be evaluated at 100X magnification. The matrix structure afteretching shall consist of a pearlitic matrix with a maximum of 5% free ferrite. The phosphide constituent shouldbe uniformly distributed as a noncontinuous network.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under licen
16、se with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-4-Applications requiring greater wear resistance can be obtained by higher alloy contents providing uniformlydispersed phosphide and/or carbide constituents and by providing a harder ma
17、trix consisting of temperedmartensite and/or bainite.5.3 Nonferrous Wrought AlloysCopper-base wrought alloys are occasionally used for high-performanceapplications to promote more efficient heat transfer from the guide to the mating counterbore. However, thesematerials generally have inadequate long
18、-term wear durability.5.4 Sintered Powder Metallurgy AlloysSintered powder metallurgy alloys have been developed for automotiveand heavy-duty engine valve guides. P/M valve guide compositions are Fe-C-Graphite alloys. Alloyingadditions may include copper, lead, tin, phosphorus, molybdenum, or nickel
19、. A solid lubricant is often added toimprove wear resistance. The microstructure consists of free graphite, pores, and a hard phase (such as Fe-P-C) in a lamellar pearlitic matrix. Sintered valve guides can be oil impregnated prior to installation to lubricatethe valve guide/valve stem interface, pr
20、oviding additional wear resistance particularly during the break-inperiod.6. Mechanical and Physical Properties of Valve Guide AlloysTables 5 and 6 list mechanical and physicalproperties of typical valve guide materials.7. Dimensional TolerancesThe length of the valve guide should be as long as spac
21、e permits. This is toreduce the contact stresses arising from the cocking action imparted to the valve from side loading. The hotend of the guide should be located as close as possible to the valve head without effecting port restriction. It isgood practice to avoid exhaust valve guide protrusion in
22、to the hot exhaust gas stream, as this will greatlyreduce its ability to serve as a heat sink and enhance scuffing tendencies. The diametric clearance betweenthe valve stem and the valve guide is typically 0.02 to 0.05 mm (0.0008 to 0.0020 in) for intake applications andas much as 0.04 to 0.07 mm (0
23、.0016 to 0.0028 in) for exhaust applications. The exact clearance is dependenton design considerations such as material compatibility, valve stem thermal expansion, lubrication, emissions,and noise requirements. Smaller stem-to-guide clearance promotes improved valve stem cooling andminimizes the am
24、ount of valve cocking during the lift event.8. Recommended Interference FitThe standard interference fit between a valve guide and its matingcounterbore is 0.02 to 0.08 mm (0.0008 to 0.0031 in) although this should be confirmed with the manufacturer.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under
25、license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-5-TABLE 1VALVE GUIDE MATERIAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS(MINIMUM/MAXIMUM - WEIGHT %)Trade Name C Si Mn P S Cu Mo Ni Sn Fe OthersEB-4 1.5/2.5 0.10/1.00 2.0/6.0 0.1/1.0 BALEMS 543 0.6/1.0
26、 0.5/1.0 0.05 max 0.15/0.35 3.5/5.5 BAL 0.0/5.0 (Ca,Mg) SilicateJP-406 1.8/2.2 0.15/0.30 4.0/5.0 BAL 2.0 maxPMF-6B 0.5/1.4 0.0/0.5 1.0/4.5 0.00/0.75 BAL SOLID LUBEPL 105 3.2/3.5 1.8/2.4 0.3/0.8 0.00/0.12 BALPL 106 3.2/3.5 1.8/2.4 0.3/0.8 0.35/0.55 0.00/0.12 BAL Cr 0.0/0.2PLS 103 1.8/2.2 0.0/0.3 0.0/
27、0.3 0.40/0.60 BALPLS 105 0.8/1.2 0.0/0.3 0.4/0.6 0.10/0.20 1.8/2.2 0.00/0.20 BALSPVG10 3.1/3.8 2.2/2.9 0.5/0.9 0.20 max 0.15 max BALSPVG12 3.1/3.6 2.2/2.8 0.6/0.9 0.20 max 0.15 max BALSPVG14 3.0/3.6 1.9/2.6 0.6/0.9 0.25 max 0.15 max 0.6 max 0.2/0.4 0.20/0.80 BAL Cr 0.2/08SPVG15 3.0/3.5 1.8/2.6 0.6/1
28、.2 0.30/0.60 0.12 max BAL Cr 0.25 maxSPVG16 3.0/3.5 2.0/2.7 0.7/1.0 0.20 max 0.10 max 0.3/0.7 0.40/0.70 BAL Cr 0.8/1.3All property data are to be considered typical unless otherwise designated.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networki
29、ng permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-6-TABLE 2VALVE GUIDE MATERIAL MANUFACTURING AND USAGETrade Name ManufacturerEngine TypeGasEngine TypeDieselEngine TypeOthersMaximumTemperature(C)EB-4 HITACHI P/M CO., LTD X X LPG, LNG 500EMS 543 EATON CORP., ECD X X LPG, LNG 525JP-406 HY
30、-LIFT, SEALED POWER TECH. X X LPG, LNGPMF-6B GOETZE CORP. OF AMER. X X LPG, LNG 590PL 105 PLEUCO GmbH X X LPG, LNG 600PL 106 PLEUCO GmbH X X LPG, LNG 600PLS 103 PLEUCO GmbH X X LPG, LNG 600PLS 105 PLEUCO GmbH X X LPG, LNG 600SPVG10 HY-LIFT, SEALED POWER TECH. X X LPG, LNG 600SPVG12 HY-LIFT, SEALED P
31、OWER TECH. X X LPG, LNG 600SPVG14 HY-LIFT, SEALED POWER TECH. X X LPG, LNG 600SPVG15 HY-LIFT, SEALED POWER TECH. X X LPG, LNG 600SPVG16 HY-LIFT, SEALED POWER TECH. X X LPG, LNG 600Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted
32、without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-7-TABLE 3VALVE GUIDE MATERIAL MICROSTRUCTURAL CONSTITUENTSTradeName Martensite Pearlite Ferrite Copper Carbide Other PhasesVickersHard Phase/HardnessSolidLubricantImpregnatingLubricant MethodEB-4 X X X Fe-P-C Fe-P-C 400/700 GRAPHITE OIL VACUUMEMS 543
33、 X X X MATRIX 200/400 (Ca,Mg) SILICATE OIL OR HIGH TEMP. LUBE VACUUMJP-406 X X X CARBIDE 900 GRAPHITE PROPRIETARY LUBE VACUUMPMF-6B X X X MATRIX 300/600 YESPL 105 X Fe-P-C Fe-P-C 750 GRAPHITE NONEPL 106 X Fe-P-C Fe-P-C 750 GRAPHITE NONEPLS 103 X X CARBIDE 1000PLS 105 X NONE YESSPVG10 X GRAPHITESPVG1
34、2 X GRAPHITESPVG14 X GRAPHITESPVG15 X Fe-P-C Fe-P-C 750 GRAPHITESPVG16 X GRAPHITECopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-8-TABLE 4VALVE GUIDE MATERIAL PROCESSINGTrade Nam
35、e% Open Porosity(1)(Inside Diameter)1. Prior to machining.Process Heat TreatmentEB-4 3 10 CONVENTIONAL P/M NONEEMS 543 CONVENTIONAL P/M NONEJP-406 5 15 CONVENTIONAL P/M NONEPMF-6B CONVENTIONAL P/M YESPL 105 CAST (SAND) NONEPL 106 CAST (SAND) NONEPLS 103 CONVENTIONAL P/M NONEPLS 105 CONVENTIONAL P/M
36、NONESPVG10 CAST (SAND) NONESPVG12 CAST (SAND) NONESPVG14 CAST (SAND) NONESPVG15 CAST (SAND) NONESPVG16 CAST (SAND) NONECopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-9-TABLE 5VA
37、LVE GUIDE MECHANICAL PROPERTY DATATrade Name Macrohardness0.2% YS (MPa) Room Temperature(Unless Otherwise Noted)UTS (MPa) RoomTemperature(Unless Otherwise Noted)% Elongation Room Temperature(Unless Otherwise Noted)Elastic Modulus(MPa) Poissons RatioImpact Strength(kgf,-m/cm2)EB-4 70/85 HRB 280 340 0
38、.2 101 000 0.22 0.26270 ( 100 C) 340 ( 100 C) 0.2 ( 100 C)270 ( 200 C) 340 ( 200 C) 0.2 ( 200 C)230 ( 400 C) 260 ( 400 C) 0.2 ( 300 C)0.2 ( 400 C)EMS 543 70/85 HRBJP-406 50/70 HRBPMF-6B 75/100 HRB 350 67 000PL 105 200/260 HBN 250 110 000 0.3PL 106 210/270 HBN 250 120 000 0.3PLS 103 210/270 HBN 250 3
39、00 2 100 000 0.3PLS 105 130/190 HBN 250 300 2 80 000 0.3SPVG10 90/100 HRB 250SPVG12 93/100 HRB 250SPVG14 96/105 HRB 250SPVG15 93/105 HRB 250SPVG16 94/104 HRB 250Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fro
40、m IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93-10-9. Installation ProcedureValve guides are installed by pressing the guide into the counterbore such that theguide can fit directly against the full length of the metal counterbore (dry) or so that the guide ends fit snuglyagainst the counterbore and the center of th
41、e guide is exposed to coolant (wet). Guides are usually inserted atambient temperatures, although liquid nitrogen is used for cryogenic insertion. One must be careful not tocrack or deform the guide during installation. Particular care must be taken if the bore is not machined afterinstallation. One
42、 must also start the guide squarely and press without interruption until it is flush with thecounterbore in the cylinder head port surface or reaches its final location. If the guide has a retaining flange(see Figure 1C), it can be held in place by the valve gear.10. Application ConsiderationsValve
43、guide lubrication must be adequate to prevent valve stem scuffing.However, excessive lubrication may increase emissions or lead to valve burning because of heavy deposits atthe hot end of the valve stem. It is common to use an oil seal on the intake and exhaust valve stem to controllubrication condi
44、tions.PREPARED BY THE SAE IRON AND STEEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE DIVISION 35ELEVATED TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF FERROUS METALSTABLE 6VALVE GUIDE PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATATrade NameDensity(g/cm3)Coefficient of Thermal Expansion(m/m/C x 106)at Room Temperature(Unless Otherwise Noted)Thermal Conductivity(Cal/s
45、-cm2-C/cm)at Room Temperature(Unless Otherwise Noted)EB-4 6.5 7.4 0.0710.4 ( 100 C) 0.067 ( 100 C)10.7 ( 200 C) 0.064 ( 200 C)12.5 ( 400 C) 0.055 ( 400 C)EMS 543 6.5 minJP-406 6.2 minPMF-6B 6.3 minPL 105 7.1 10.0 0.12PL 106 7.1 10.0 0.12PLS 103 6.8 min 13.0 0.10PLS 105 13.0 0.10SPVG10 7.1SPVG12 7.1S
46、PVG14 7.1SPVG15 7.1SPVG16 7.1Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J1682 Issued SEP93RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThis SAE
47、 Information Report provides:a. Types of valve guides and their nomenclatureb. Valve guide alloy designations and their chemistriesc. Valve guide alloy metallurgyd. Typical mechanical and physical properties of guide alloyse. Typical dimensional tolerances of valve guides and their counterboresf. Re
48、commended interference fitsg. Installation proceduresh. Application considerationsReference SectionThere are no referenced publications specified herein.Developed by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee Division 35Elevated Temperature Properties of Ferrous MetalsSponsored by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical CommitteeCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,
