1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1782_201305 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J1782 MAY2013 Issued 1981-11 Reaf
5、firmed 2013-05 Superseding J1782 NOV2006 Ship Systems and Equipment - Hydraulic Systems - Noise Control RATIONALE J1782 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. 1. ScopeHydraulic systems are used on marine vehicles for steering, vehicle control, and utility services.System
6、 components that generate and transmit noise are of concern. This SAE Information Report (a)addresses noise requirements which may apply to the hydraulic systems of ships and submersibles, and (b)identifies noise sources and techniques which may be used to reduce system noise. Noise of power sources
7、(e.g., electric motors) and end items (e.g., steering linkages) is beyond the scope of this document.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to summarize design information on how to reduce noise of on-board hydraulic systems.1.2 ApplicationThis document is applicable to the marine vehicles using
8、 hydraulic systems. This documentdoes not apply to recreational watercraft.1.3 RationaleThis document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-Year Review policy.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe latest issue of the referenced documents should be used. Nothing in thisdocument supersede
9、s applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 INDUSTRY PUBLICATIONSIndustry publications that have been adopted by the Department of Defense(DoD) can be ordered by DoD activities only from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700Robbins Avenue, Phi
10、ladelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-2179, http:/assist.daps.mil or http:/stinet.dtic.mil.2.1.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel:877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1778Ship Systems and Equ
11、ipmentRecommended Practice for Hydraulic Fluid SelectionSAE AS5440Hydraulic Systems, Aircraft, Design and Installation Requirements for2.1.1.2 ASA PublicationsAvailable from the Acoustical Society of America, Standards and PublicationsFulfillment Center, P.O. Box 1020, Sewickley, PA 15143-9998, http
12、:/asa.aip.org.ASA 38Guide for the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration (ANSI S3.18)ASA 47Specification for Sound Level Meters (ANSI S1.4)ASA 65Specification for Octave, Half-Octave and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets (ANSI S1.11)ASA 107Guidelines for the Specification of Noise of New M
13、achinery (ANSI S12.16)ASA 111Acoustical Terminology (ANSI S1.1)2.1.1.3 IMO PublicationAvailable from International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE17SR, United Kingdom, Tel: +44-0-20-7735-7611, www.imo.org.IMO Resolution A.468(XII)Code on Noise Levels on Board Ships (part of Pub
14、lication IMO-814E)2.1.1.4 ISO PublicationsAvailable from ANSI, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel:212-642-4900, www.ansi.org.ISO 4412-1Hydraulic fluid powerTest code for determination of airborne noise levelsPart 1: PumpsISO 4412-2Hydraulic fluid powerTest code for determination of ai
15、rborne noise levelsPart 2: MotorsISO 4412-3Hydraulic fluid powerTest code for determination of airborne noise levelsPart 3:PumpsMethod using a parallelepiped microphone arrayISO 10767-1Hydraulic fluid powerDetermination of pressure ripple levels generated in systems andcomponentsPart 1: Precision me
16、thod for pumpsISO 10767-2Hydraulic fluid powerDetermination of pressure ripple levels generated in systems andcomponentsPart 2: Simplified method for pumpsISO/TR 11688-1AcousticsRecommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery andequipmentPart 1: PlanningISO/TR 11688-2AcousticsRecommended
17、practice for the design of low-noise machinery andequipmentPart 2: Introduction to the physics of low-noise design2.1.1.5 NFPA PublicationAvailable from the National Fluid Power Association, 3333 North Mayfair Road, Suite211, Milwaukee, WI 53222-3219, Tel: 414-778-3344, .NFPA/T2.7.2Hydraulic Fluid P
18、owerPumpsDetermination of Fluid Pressure FluctuationCharacteristics (to be replace with ISO 10767-2)2.1.1.6 SNAME PublicationAvailable from the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, PublicationSales, 601 Pavonia Avenue, Jersey City, NJ 07306, Tel: 201-798-4800, www.sname.org.SNAME TRB 3-
19、37“Design Guide for Shipboard Airborne Noise Control,” SNAME Technical andResearch Bulletin 3-372.1.2U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS2.1.2.1 Military Specifications and StandardsAvailable from DODSSP, Customer Service, Building 4D, 700Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-2179, http:
20、/assist.daps.mil or http:/stinet.dtic.mil.MIL-STD-740-2Structureborne Vibratory Acceleration Measurements and Acceptance Criteria ofShipboard EquipmentMIL-STD-1474Noise LimitsMIL-M-24476Mounts, Resilient: Pipe Support, Types 7M50, 6M150, 6M450, 6M900, and 5M3500_ SAE J1782 Reaffirmed MAY2013 Page 2
21、of 152.1.2.2 Other U.S. Government Publications2.1.2.2.1 CFR PublicationAvailable from internet site http:/www.osha.gov or from U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328.29 CFR 1910.95Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 CFR 1910.95, “O
22、ccupational Noise Exposure”2.1.2.2.2 OPNAVINST PublicationsAvailable from internet site http:/neds.nebt.daps.mil.OPNAVINST 5100.19Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual for ForcesAfloat, Vol. 1 - NAVOSH and Major Hazards - Specific Programs, CH B4 Noise PreservationOPNAVINST 964
23、0.1Shipboard Habitability Program2.1.2.2.3 NAVSEA PublicationsAvailable from NAVICP, 700 Robbins Avenue, Attention: Customer Service,Code 0862, Philadelphia, PA 19111, with approval from NAVSEA 05L3, 2531 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington, VA 22242-5160.NAVSEA S9073-A2-HBK-010Navy Resilient Mount Ha
24、ndbook: A Users Guide of Design, Installation,and Inspection Information (NSN 0910-LP-000-5250)NAVSEA S9078-AA-HBK-010/DIMNavy Distributed Isolation Material (DIM) Mount Design Handbook(NSN 0910-LP-049-7200)2.1.3OTHER APPLICABLE REFERENCESHarris, C.M., “Handbook of Noise Control,” 3rd Edition, McGra
25、w-Hill, Inc., 1991Harris, C.M., “Shock and Vibration Handbook,” 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1996Johnston, D.N. and Edge, K.A., “Simulation of the Pressure Ripple Characteristics of Hydraulic Circuits,”Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 203, 1989, pp. 275-282Kwong, A.H.M. and Edge, K.A., “Towards the Design of Qu
26、iet Hydraulic Circuits,” Proc. of the 1994 ASMEESDA Conf., Vol. 8, Part B, July 1994, pp. 431-440Piper, G.E., “Active Feedback noise Control of a Magnetic Bearing Pump,” Noise Control Eng., J. 45 (2),Mar.-Apr. 1997Shorin, V.P., “The Correction of Dynamic Characteristics of Hydraulic and Gas Lines of
27、 AutomaticSystems,” Fluid Power Transmission and ControlProceedings of the 2nd International Conference,International Academic Publishers (PRC)/Pergamon Press (outside PRC), 1989Skaistis, S.J., “Noise Control of Hydraulic Machinery,” Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988Smith, S.E., “FPRC Experimental Survey of
28、 Fluid Power Pump Sound Levels,” Fluid Power ResearchCenter BFPR Annual Report No. 8, Paper No. P74-5, Oct. 1974Taylor, R., “The Effects of Fluid Viscosity and Bulk Modulus on the Flow Ripple Produced by an AxialPiston Pump,” Fluid Power Research Center 4th Annual Fire Resistant Hydraulics Conferenc
29、e Papers,1984, 4:33-38Vickers, Inc., “Noise Control in Hydraulic Systems,” Vickers Document No. 510, August 1991, Vickers, Inc.,P.O. Box 101, Jackson, MS 39206Yeaple, F.D., “Fluid Power Design Handbook,” 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, 1996_ SAE J1782 Reaffirmed MAY2013 Page 3 of 153. DefinitionsFor def
30、initions of other terms, see ASA 111.List of Symbols:B bulk modulus of fluidc speed of soundC capacitancef frequency of oscillationsl intensity of sound powerL length of tubingP pressure of fluidQ flow ratettime of valve closurevvelocity of fluidV volume of fluid wave length density of fluiddB decib
31、el3.1 SoundSound is a disturbance which propagates through an elastic medium of bulk modulus (B) and density() at a speed (c) characteristic of the medium. See Equation 1.(Eq. 1)The disturbance consists of a variation in pressure (P) and associated fluid particle displacement, at avelocity (v). The
32、variation in pressure and the rate of change in momentum across the disturbance are indynamic balance. See Equation 2.(Eq. 2)It follows that (see Equation 3)(Eq. 3)The product c is called the characteristic impedance of the fluid.Table 1 lists typical values in engineering units.NOTEThe speed of pro
33、pagation can be reduced by the elasticity of the tubing as much as 10%. SAE J1778provides additional information for numerous hydraulic fluids.3.2 Sound IntensitySound power transmitted per unit area. See Equation 4.(Eq. 4)TABLE 1FLUID CHARACTERISTICSc (m/s) (kg/m3)c (Pa/(m/s)Air, 20 C, Sea Level 34
34、3 1.2 412Typical aircraft petroleum-base fluid 1360 860 1.16 x 106Water-glycol fluid 1358 1060 1.44 x 106Sea Water, 15 C 1507 1027 1.55 x 106cB=P cv=P vc=l Pv P2c()=_ SAE J1782 Reaffirmed MAY2013 Page 4 of 15In SI units, I is measured in watt per square meter (W/m2). At the threshold of hearing (see
35、 Equation 5):(Eq. 5)3.3 Sound PressureSound pressure (P) is measured directly. In air, the threshold of hearing is (see Equation6):(Eq. 6)Since v is proportional to P, the product Pv is proportional to P2(see Equation 7):(Eq. 7)3.4DecibelA logarithmic scale for sound intensity levels is defined by E
36、quation 8:(Eq. 8)When adding noises from different sources, it is their sound intensities that are added. The combined dB isthen calculated.In terms of sound pressure (see Equation 9):(Eq. 9)Table 2 illustrates typical values of the decibel scale.3.5 Sound PowerTotal sound power radiated from a sour
37、ce is determined by measurement of the soundintensity at a specified radial distance. For example, ISO 4412-1 specifies a radial distance of 1 m for hydraulicpump noise rating.3.6 Octave BandsAn octave is a range or “band” of frequencies such that the upper frequency limit is two timesthe lower limi
38、t. ASA 65 defines standard octaves. One-third octave band noise measurement is standardwhere higher frequency resolution is required. Figure 1 shows the noise contribution of a hydraulic pump witha fundamental frequency of 500 Hz. The sources of noise can often be identified by their fundamental and
39、harmonic frequencies.One-third octave band data are shown in Figure 1 by squares and standard octave band data by hexagons.Sound intensity of each standard octave band is the sum of the intensities of the component one-third octavebands.TABLE 2DECIBEL SCALEdB 60dB 80dB 100dB 120dBI 106W/m2104W/m2102
40、W/m21.0 W/m2P 0.02 Pa 0.2 Pa 2 Pa 20 Palo1012Wm2 .=Po20Pa, that is 0.0002 dyne/cm2.=loP Po()2=dB 10 l lo()log=dB 20 P Po()log=_ SAE J1782 Reaffirmed MAY2013 Page 5 of 15FIGURE 1TYPICAL TEST DATA3.7 HarmonicsMultiples of the fundamental frequency of oscillations. For example, the pump with the 500 Hz
41、fundamental frequency also peaked at 1000 Hz, the second harmonic, and at 2500 Hz, the fifth harmonic. SeeFigure 1.3.7.1 Subharmonics (for example, 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 of the fundamental frequency of oscillations) sometimes exist.3.8 Measurements in Audible Frequency Ranges3.8.1SPEECH INTERFERENCE LEV
42、ELSIL measures the effect of airborne background noise on intelligible speechcommunication. Numerically, SIL is the mean (not power average) of sound pressure levels (SPLs) indecibels for the octave bands of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. Refer to Figure 1. In the past, sometimes“PSIL” (“Preferred” S
43、IL) was defined as the mean of SPLs for the octave bands of 500, 1000, 2000, and4000 Hz whereas SIL was sometimes defines as the mean of SPLs for the octave bands of 500, 1000, and2000 Hz._ SAE J1782 Reaffirmed MAY2013 Page 6 of 15FIGURE 2CHARACTERISTICS OF A STANDARD A FILTER3.8.2dB(A) SCALEThis is
44、 the sound level or volume scale providing a weighted average of audible sounds thatreflects variable sensitivity of the human ear. The combined result is a single dB(A) number for specifyingloudness. A filter is used for measuring sound on the dB(A) scale. See Figure 2. Attenuation correctionfactor
45、s are listed in ASA 47.4. Requirements and TestingNoise criteria vary with vehicle and application. It is important to design to well-defined noise requirements to avoid unnecessary penalties or redesign after the fact. Noise levels of hydraulicsystems and components must support noise criteria for
46、the applicable marine vehicle.4.1Fluidborne and Structureborne NoiseWhere (a) structure-to-air noise coupling, (b) security of the vehiclefrom detection by radiated noise, or (c) the effects of noise on sonar performance (self-noise) is a concern,fluidborne (particularly for pumps) and structureborn
47、e noise requirements may be specified. ISO 10767-1,ISO 10767-2, NFPA/T2.7.2 (which is technically equivalent to ISO 10767-2), and MIL-STD-740-2 provideuseful information for the verification of component fluidborne and structureborne noise requirements.For vibrations transmitted from solid surfaces to the human body, ASA 38 provides exposure limits.4.2Airborne NoiseASA 107, ISO 4412 (-1, -2, and -3), IMO Resolution A.46
