1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1814_201208SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ1814 AUG2012 Issued 1993-02Revised 201
5、2-08Superseding J1814 MAR2003 Operator Controls - Off-Road MachinesRATIONALEThis standard has been revised to update reference standards and to remove Agricultural Tractors from the scope. 1. SCOPE 1.1 General criteria are presented as guidelines for: control device location, resistance, and actuati
6、on of hand and foot controls by the machines operator. The criteria are based upon physical limitations as defined by human factors engineering principles. 1.2 This SAE Recommended Practice applies to upright seated operators of Road Building and Maintenance, and Specialized Mining Machinery categor
7、ies of off-road, self-propelled work machines as identified in SAE J1116. The criteria presented should apply to most situations. Each situation, however, must be evaluated as to its own function and its relationship to other functions to achieve the desired operation action in normal and emergency
8、situations with high probability. The values for control displacement and resistance apply only to what is required to achieve the desired performance of the function being controlled for the 5th through the 95th percentile person as defined in ISO 3411. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The fo
9、llowing publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 2 of 12 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA
10、15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1116 Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines SAE J1362 Graphical Symbols for Operator Controls and Displays on Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesISO 3411 Earth-moving machinery - Huma
11、n physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator space envelopeISO 6405-1 Earth-moving machinery-Symbols for operator controls and other displays-Part 1: Common symbols ISO 6405-2 Earth-moving machinery-Symbols for operator controls and other displays-Part 2: Specific symbols for machines, eq
12、uipment, and accessories ISO 6682 Earth-moving machinery - Zones of comfort and reach for controls 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 CONTROL Device actuated by a person to effect a response of the machine, its equipment, or its tools. 3.1.1 Frequently Operated Control A control with an average operational interval
13、 of 5 min or less between actuations during a normal operational cycle. This control is the same as the primary control defined in ISO 6682. 3.1.2 Infrequently Operated Control A control with an average operational interval of more than 5 min between actuations during a normal operational cycle. Thi
14、s control is the same as the secondary control defined in ISO 6682. 3.2 CONTROL DISPLACEMENT Movement of a control through its operational range. 3.3 CONTROL RESISTANCE The force exerted by the operator to effect a control displacement. 3.3.1 Normal Operational Resistance Force applied to achieve th
15、e desired control function under normal operating conditions. 3.3.2 System Malfunction Resistance Force applied to achieve the desired control function whenever a malfunction occurs that affects the systems performance or whenever the system serves as a back-up to another primary system such as loss
16、 of power resource. 3.3.3 Minimum Control Resistance Force applied necessary for functional input to the operator senses. SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 3 of 12 3.4 FORWARD Direction the operator faces while seated in the operators seat with the machine and the operators seat in the position for str
17、aight, forward travel as defined by the manufacturer. 3.5 MINIMUM CONTROL STRENGTH Ability of the control system to withstand a single excessive application of effort or load by the operator without being destroyed or impeding its primary function. The control device may be deformed as long as the p
18、rimary function can be accomplished.4. GENERAL CRITERIA 4.1 Enclosure Space Envelope The minimum normal operator enclosure space envelope and the minimum clearance between the operator controls and enclosure surfaces are provided in ISO 3411. 4.2 Control Response 4.2.1 A control actuation should pro
19、duce the expected functional response, movement rate, and direction of movement. 4.2.2 Controls shall provide a positive sensory feedback (visual, audio, touch, etc.) of actuation and/or position to the operator.4.3 Control Location, Displacement Resistance 4.3.1 Control location and direction of mo
20、vement and reference to the operator while in the normal operation position for that control. 4.3.2 Frequently operated controls, including their displacements shall be located within the zone of comfort as defined in ISO 6682. 4.3.3 Infrequently operated controls including their displacements, shal
21、l be located within the zone of reach as defined in ISO 6682. 4.3.4 Control location relative to the operator may be adjustable to enhance compatibility of different size operators. 4.3.5 A control shall not be located where it could cause ambiguity as to its direction of motion to actuate a functio
22、n. Location of a control on a 30 to 60 degree sloping surface should be avoided if its direction of motion to achieve the same function is dependent upon the plane of the controls mounting surface. For example, a lever control for a raise/lower function should not be located on a 30 to 60 degree slo
23、ping surface since its recommended direction of motion changes when it is moved from a vertical to a horizontal plane. 4.3.6 When a sequence of controls is repeated on another panel, the sequence of controls should be the same for each panel. SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 4 of 12 4.3.7 Control disp
24、lacement and control resistance shall comply with the values in Table 1. 4.3.7.1 Infrequently operated controls displacement and resistance are not to exceed the boundaries set by D3and R3shown in Figure 1 with values from Table 1. 4.3.7.2 Frequently operated controls displacement and resistance are
25、 not to exceed the values for X and Y as computed by using the formulas of Figure 1 and values from Table 1. The formulae are dependent equations, solved by selecting values for the dependent variable. 4.3.8 Control resistance necessary to actuate a control that has been affected by a system malfunc
26、tion may be higher than specified for normal operation resistance. The values specified for maximum system malfunction resistance in Table 1 are intended to provide boundary conditions for operator activation during and at the time of the malfunction.4.3.9 Minimum control resistance shall be suffici
27、ent to avoid inadvertent actuation by the force of the hand or foot resting on the control during anticipated operating condition. As a general guideline, it should not be less than specified in Table 1 when actuating controls on a moving machine. 4.3.10 Minimum control strength should be at least f
28、ive times the anticipated normal and malfunction operator effort considering the function of the control and its relative location and direction of motion. 4.4 Direction of Movement 4.4.1 Direction of movement of controls should be consistent with the related motion of the controlled item. Other fac
29、tors should also be considered such as past practices, general trained responses, emergency reactions, ease of operations, interaction with other controls, and strength requirements. 4.4.2 The direction of movement prescribed in Figure 2 shall be followed if there are no significant overriding facto
30、rs.SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 5 of 12 TABLE 1 - CONTROL DISPLACEMENT AND RESISTANCECONTROL Except(2) Steering Wheel (3) Brake Controls Figure 1 Ref. DisplacementUnitsDisplacementMinimumD1DisplacementMaximum Frequent OperationD2DisplacementMaximum Infrequent OperationD3ResistanceUnitsResistanceMi
31、nimumR1ResistanceMaximum Normal OperationFrequentlyR2ResistanceMaximum Normal OperationInfrequentlyR3ResistanceMaximum System MalfunctionR4FINGER OPERATED Linear Motion Type Membrane Switch mm 0.4 1.2 1.6 N 2.0 8.0 10.0 20.0 Push Button mm 2.0 6.0 8.0 N 2.5 10.0 13.0 25.0 Slide/Toggle Rocker Switch
32、mm 3.0 25.0 32.0 N 2.5 10.0 13.0 25.0 Thumb Wheel a. discrete motion mm 5.0 16.0 20.0 N 3.0 12.0 15.0 30.0 b. continuous motion mm N 2.0 8.0 10.0 20.0 RotaryMotion Type Selector switch - stop to stop deg 10.0 30.0 40.0 N m 0.15 0.6 0.75 1.5 KeySwitch/Rotaryknob deg 30.0 90.0 120.0 N m 0.15 0.6 0.75
33、1.5 Continuous Adjustment knob deg mN m 10.0 40.0 50.0 100.0 HAND OPERATED Linear Motion Type Push button mm 10.0 30.0 40.0 N 5.0 20.0 25.0 50.0 Push-pull a. Knob mm 10.0 30.0 40.0 N 3.0 12.0 15.0 30.0 b. Handle mm 15.0 45.0 60.0 N 12.0 48.0 60.0 120.0 Lever (6) a. Longitudinal mm 100.0 300.0 400.0
34、N 20.0 80.0 100.0 200.0 b. Transverse mm 60.0 190.0 250.0 N 15.0 60.0 75.0 150.0 c. Vertical mm 80.0 240.0 320.0 N 15.0 60.0 75.0 150.0 SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 6 of 12 TABLE 1 - CONTROL DISPLACEMENT AND RESISTANCE (CONTINUED) CONTROL Except(2) Steering Wheel (3) Brake Controls Figure 1 Ref. D
35、isplacementUnitsDisplacementMinimumD1DisplacementMaximum Frequent OperationD2DisplacementMaximum Infrequent OperationD3ResistanceUnitsResistanceMinimumR1ResistanceMaximum Normal OperationFrequentlyR2ResistanceMaximum Normal OperationInfrequentlyR3ResistanceMaximum System MalfunctionR4RotaryMotion Ty
36、pe Crank turns N m 0.4 1.6 2.0 4.0 Handle deg 20.0 60.0 80.0 N m 0.5 2.0 2.5 5.0 Wheel turns 1.0 4.0 5.0 N m 3.0 12.0 15.0 30.0 Steering (see Figure 3) FOOTOPERATED Push Button mm 15.0 45.0 60.0 N 20.0 60.0 90.0 180.0 Pedal Ankle Action a. Toe Operated mm 20.0 60.0 80.0 N 12.0 48.0 60.0 120.0 b. Hee
37、l and toe mm 8.0 24.0 32.0 N 12.0 48.0 60.0 120.0 Leg & Foot Actuated a. No back support mm 30.0 90.0 120.0 N 30.0 120.0 150.0 300.0 b. With back support mm 30.0 90.0 120.0 N 75.0 300.0 375.0 700.0 NOTE 1The relationship of resistance to displacement mayreduce the maximum value of the frequentlyoper
38、ated control displacement or resistance value. See 4.3.7 and Figure 1. NOTE 2See 5.1.5 and Figure 3 for steering wheel normal operation and system malfunction resistance values. NOTE 3See 5.2.5 for brake controls resistance values. NOTE 4See 4.3.10 for minimum control strength requirements. NOTE 5Mi
39、nimum resistance maybe lower than specified if the control is primarilyactuated when the machine is not in motion such as the backhoe controls on a backhoe loader. NOTE 6Displacement of Hand-operated Lever controls are for bidirectional control, for unidirectional use 1/2 these values. NOTE 7When co
40、ntrols are operating at “minimums,” there shall be adequate sensoryfeedback to the operator per 4.2.2. SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 7 of 12 FIGURE 1 - COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM CONTROL DISPLACEMENT AND RESISTANCE FOR FREQUENTLY OPERATED CONTROLS (REFERENCE 4.3.7 AND TABLE 1) SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012
41、 Page 8 of 12 FIGURE 2 - CONTROL DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 9 of 12 4.5 Control Arrangement 4.5.1 Machines, which frequently require hand coordination to simultaneously control machine travel and tool operations, should have machine travel motion controls operated by one ha
42、nd and tool controls by the other. If the control system is designed to permit simultaneous operations of the travel motion and tools by combined function controls, there should be continuous contact with the control to achieve these functions. 4.5.2 Space between controls shall be sufficient to all
43、ow operation without unintentional actuation of adjacent controls. Suggested minimum clearances between controls are as follows: a. Finger tip operated - 10 mm - if control resistance is 10 N or less b. Hand operated (palm grasp) - 25 mm - if control resistance is 50 N or less 50 mm - if control res
44、istance is greater than 50 N c. Foot operated - 50 mm Additional spacing should be provided for operators wearing cold weather or other protective clothing, reference ISO 3411.4.5.3 Overlapping of control zone locations is permissible to provide independent and simultaneous control action. 4.6 Ident
45、ification 4.6.1 Control functions and movements shall be identified, preferably by symbols, so that the operator can determine the proper control function and movement without trial and error. If symbols are used, they shall comply with SAE J1362, ISO 6405-1, or ISO 6405-2 where applicable. 4.6.2 Id
46、entification is not required for controls which have universal recognition by virtue of their shape, locations, arrangements, and method of actuation such as a steering wheel, foot-operated clutch pedal, service brake pedal, and accelerator pedal. 4.7 Combined Functions Control A control with combin
47、ed functions is acceptable. It should follow the guidelines of this document where applicable. 4.8 External Forces Control actuators, control linkages, and other vulnerable components shall be arranged or protected to minimize actuation or damage by external forces such as being stepped on, grabbed,
48、 and hit by obstacles (e.g., brush). 4.9 Pedal Surface Pedal surfaces shall be slip-resistant. Stops at edge of the pedal should be provided when needed to help prevent the foot from slipping off. SAE J1814 Revised AUG2012 Page 10 of 12 5. CONTROLS COMMON ON MACHINES 5.1 Steering Control The steerin
49、g device may be a hand-operated steering wheel, a single or dual hand lever, single or dual foot pedals. 5.1.1 When steering is accomplished through rotational actuation by a wheel, a tee handle, a lever or other similar means, clockwise motion shall effect a right turn and counterclockwise motion a left turn while travelling forward. A steering wheel control shall be approximately centered in front of the operat
