1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1995 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001RECOMMENDEDPRACTICESubmitted for recognition as an American National Sta
4、ndardJ1826REAF.MAR95Issued 1989-04Reaffirmed 1995-03Superseding J1826 APR89TURBOCHARGER GAS STAND TEST CODEForewordThis Reaffirmed Document has been changed only to reflect the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeThe test procedures outlined in this SAE Recommended Practice are applicabl
5、e to single rotorturbochargers having either fixed- or variable-geometry with the following caveat:At this stage in the development of variable-geometry (VG) turbochargers, it would be impractical to generatea detailed practice to cover all types of VG turbochargers which may evolve. However, there
6、is a requirementto quote performance data within a stipulated degree of accuracy and to furnish comprehensive performanceinformation. This will form a basis for this document where further refinements may be added as experienceand necessity dictate.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to provi
7、de a recommended laboratory test procedure andpresentation format for establishing the component performance for a turbocharger. It is intended that this testprocedure be used to determine turbocharger compressor and turbine performance characteristics. Theresulting data are intended for use in turb
8、ocharger component performance assessment and development andfor engine/turbocharger matching.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationThe following publication forms a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvail
9、able from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J922Turbocharger Nomenclature and TerminologySAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-2-2.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1 SAE PUBLICATI
10、ONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J244Measurement of Intake Air or Exhaust Gas Flow of Diesel EnginesSAE J1349Engine Power Test CodeSpark Ignition and DieselTSB 003Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) UnitsPrinciples of Turbomachinery, D.G. Shepherd, MacMillanG
11、as Properties, Keenan and Kaye, John Wiley & SonsExperimental Methods for Engineers, J.P. Holman, McGraw-Hill3. Definitions and Terminology(See also SAE J922, Section 2.)3.1 Turbocharger Hardware 3.1.1 FIXED-GEOMETRY TURBOCHARGERTurbocharger having no moving parts in the aerodynamic flowpath otherth
12、an the compressor impeller and turbine rotor.3.1.2 VARIABLE-GEOMETRY TURBOCHARGERTurbocharger incorporating moving parts such as, but not limited to,compressor inlet guide vanes, variable-geometry compressor diffuser, moveable turbine inlet nozzle vanes,and/or a wastegate.3.1.3 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTEq
13、uipment not directly associated with the compression or expansion processes, butnecessary for proper turbocharger/engine system operation, such as:a. Actuator for variable-geometry device (example: wastegate actuator).3.2 Turbocharger Performance(See also SAE J922, Section 3.)3.2.1 FLOWCompressor ai
14、r mass flow = kg/s of air mass flow through the compressorCorrected compressor air mass flow =Compressor air mass flow xCompressor-inlet total absolute temperature (K)298 K(Compressor inlet total absolute pressure (kPa)/100 kPa)Turbine gas flow = kg/s of gas flow through the turbineTurbine gas flow
15、parameter =Turbine gas flow xTurbine-inlet total absolute temperature (K)Turbine-inlet total absolute pressure (kPa)3.2.2 PRESSURE RATIO (EXPANSION RATIO)Outlet-air static absolute pressure (kPa)Compressor pressure ratio =Inlet-air total absolute pressure (kPa)Inlet-gas total absolute pressure (kPa)
16、Turbine expansion ratio =Outlet-gas static absolute pressure (kPa)SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-3-3.2.3 EFFICIENCYIsentropic enthalpy rise across compressor stage calculated using compressor pressure ratioCompressor efficiency =Actual total enthalpy rise across compressor stageCombined turbine x mechan
17、ical efficiency =(Eq. 1)3.2.4 SPEED PARAMETER(Eq. 2)(Eq. 3)Turbine inlet total absolute temperature (K)3.2.5 SURGEA line on the left-hand side of a compressor map as determined on a steady-flow test stand. Surgeis the boundary of an area of severe flow reversal combined with audible coughing and ban
18、ging.4. Test Measurement and AccuracyThe test measurements as follows are required in turbochargerperformance determination. The measurement accuracies specified do not include human or other probableerrors in the reading.4.1 Airflow 1%4.2 Pressure 0.5%4.3 Temperature 0.5%4.4 Speed 0.5%4.5 Duct diam
19、eters at static pressure measuring stations 0.5%5. Apparatus/Test Stand5.1 2-Loop Hot Gas StandThe most commonly used test stand is the independent gas circuit (2-loop) hot gasstand as shown in Figure 1.Actual total enthalpy rise across compressor stageIsentropic enthalpy drop across turbine stage c
20、alculated using turbine expansion ratio-Corrected compressor speedCompressor impeller speed r min)(Compressor inlet total absolute temperature K) 298 K(-=Turbine rotor speed r min)(Turbine speed parameter =-SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-4-FIGURE 12-LOOP HOT GAS STAND5.2 1-Loop (Bootstrap) Hot Gas Stand
21、Less frequently used for component development and performance.Shown in Figure 2. Useful for extended durability testing.FIGURE 21-LOOP (BOOTSTRAP) HOT GAS STANDSAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-5-5.3 Turbine DynamometerUsed for extended mapping of turbocharger turbine well outside the range ofmatched comp
22、ressor and turbine flow and power. See Figure 3.FIGURE 3TURBINE DYNAMOMETER6. Test Procedure6.1 InstallationThe test turbocharger shall be representative of the manufacturers production units.Extraordinary nonproduction gaskets, sealants, etc., shall not be used.6.1.1 LEAK CHECKINGIn many production
23、 turbochargers, some small leakage is expected. However, leakage inthe test stand and instrumentation shall be limited to that of good laboratory practice.6.1.2 INSULATIONThe compressor housing (cover) shall be insulated.SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-6-6.2 LubricationThe turbocharger shall be supplied
24、with SAE 30 lubricating oil at 350 kPa and 100 C unlessotherwise specified by the manufacturer.6.3 Cooling LiquidNormally turbocharger housings are tested dry, with no insulation (except as noted in 6.1.2).However, if any turbocharger housings are ordinarily liquid cooled in the end application, tes
25、ting can beperformed with a supply of the appropriate coolant. In this event, the supply condition (pressure, temperature,and flow rate) shall be agreed upon by the tester and end user, and recorded on the performance maps.6.4 Operating ConditionsOperating speeds and the number of data points per sp
26、eedline vary with theturbocharger manufacturer. However, good practice dictates that point and line spacing be sufficiently closethat undue interpolation is not necessary. Common practice is to begin testing at the lowest desired speed andmove from high flow to low flow (surge) on the speed line.6.4
27、.1 STABILIZATION CRITERIAData shall not be taken until reasonable thermal stability is achieved (example:successive computations of compressor T/T (Tout-in)/Tin) vary by less than 1/2%).7. Data Acquisition and Computations7.1 Minimum data to be recorded. The instrumentation list accompanying Figure
28、3 can be used with appropriatetest stand schematic (Figures 1 to 3) to identify necessary data. In addition, the upper portions of Figures 4and 5 display additional data (held fixed during a given test) to be recorded.7.2 Gas PropertiesMost 2-loop gas stands use diesel fuel as the source of heat for
29、 the turbine inlet gas. Thefollowing are useful relationships for computation of the gas properties:7.3 AirT - Temperature, KK = 273.15 + CC = 5/9 (F - 32)K = Degrees KelvinC = Degrees CelsiusF = Degrees Fahrenheit - Ratio of specific heatsA/F - Gravimetric Air-to-Fuel Ratioh - Enthalpy, kJ/kgCp - S
30、pecific Heat, kJ/(kg - K)R - Gas Constant, kJ/(kg - K)7.4 Air(Eq. 4)a1.42592 8.03974 105 Tha0.919848 T1.01457Ra0.28699CpaRaRaaa1-=SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-7-FIGURE 4TYPICAL TURBOCHARGER COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE GRAPHSAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-8-FIGURE 5TYPICAL TURBOCHARGER TURBINE PERFORMANCE GRAPHS
31、AE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-9-7.5 Combustion Products(Eq. 5)8. Data Presentation(See also SAE J922, Section 4.)8.1 Performance curves for compressor, turbine, and bearing system losses are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Atpresent, for variable-geometry turbochargers, multiples of the figures shown, each at
32、 fixed-geometryincrements, shall be used.8.2 Formatting for electronic data transfer and computer simulation are recommended as follows:8.2.1 COMPRESSOR DATA FORMAT(See Figures 6A and 6B.)FIGURE 6ACOMPRESSOR DATA FORMAThc2.3260 0.1284 2.3 104 AF) 1.8 T)A(where A 1.0954 2.967 104= AFRc5.38038 10353.3
33、41 0.4425 A F)(Cpc4.1868 0.0717 A F 104) 1.8T)B(where B 0.1883 2.903 104= AFcCpcCpc( Rc )=+(=+(=SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-10-FIGURE 6BCOMPRESSOR DATA FORMAT (CONTINUED)SAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95-11-8.2.2 TURBINE DATA FORMAT(See Figure 7.)FIGURE 7TURBINE DATA FORMATPREPARED BY THE SAE TURBOCHARGER S
34、TANDARDS COMMITTEESAE J1826 Reaffirmed MAR95RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThe test procedures outlined in this SAE Recommended Practice are applicable to single rotorturbochargers having either fixed- or variable-geometry with the follo
35、wing caveat:At this stage in the development of variable-geometry (VG) turbochargers, it would be impractical togenerate a detailed practice to cover all types of VG turbochargers which may evolve. However, there isa requirement to quote performance data within a stipulated degree of accuracy and to
36、 furnishcomprehensive performance information. This will form a basis for this document where furtherrefinements may be added as experience and necessity dictate.Reference SectionSAE J244Measurement of Intake Air or Exhaust Gas Flow of Diesel EnginesSAE J922Turbocharger Nomenclature and TerminologyS
37、AE J1349Engine Power Test CodeSpark Ignition and DieselTSB003Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) UnitsPrinciples of Turbomachinery, D.G. Shepherd, MacMillanGas Properties, Keenan and Kaye, John Wiley & SonsExperimental Methods for Engineers, J.P. Holman, McGraw-HillDeveloped by the SAE Turbocharger Standards Committee
