1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2006 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org J308 REV. MAR2007 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT Issued 1924-02 Revised 2007-03 Superseding J308 JAN1996 (R) Axle and Manual Transmission Lubricants RATIONALE Vehicle manufacturers, lubricant suppliers, additive
5、companies, and users all reference specifications to define the lubricant for a given axle or manual transmission. This document catalogs these specifications and provides valuable information about these lubricants. FOREWORD In 1943, the U.S. Army Ordnance Department (currently the Fuels and Lubric
6、ants Technology Team, under Petroleum and Water Business Area of US Army Tank, Automotive, Research, Development and Engineering Center - TARDEC) began qualifying gear lubricants against U.S. Army Specification 2105. This specification has gone through several revisions, the most recent being MIL-PR
7、F-2105E The American Petroleum Institute recognizes gear lubricants meeting this latter specification as API Service GL-5 (API GL-5). In 1977, the U.S. Army terminated direct sponsorship of the qualification process and contracted with SAE to: (a) perform the reviewing activity, and (b) make recomme
8、ndations relative to the acceptance of candidate products under the military gear lubricant specification. In accordance with its contract with SAE, the U.S. Army retains sole responsibility for approving and qualifying products to its specification. Following termination of the U.S. Army sponsorshi
9、p, the SAE Board of Directors established a Lubricants Review Institute (LRI), which in turn has established an LRI Gear Lubricant Review Committee. This committee developed procedures for submitting candidate lubricants for review as well as procedures for reviewing such lubricants. The LRI activit
10、ies are reviewed by SAE Legal Counsel to ensure compliance with applicable federal and state laws. The LRI Gear Lubricant Review Procedures can be obtained from SAE Headquarters in Warrendale, PA. In 1991 the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) issued a directive to adopt, wherever practical, commercia
11、l standards in preference to federal and military specifications. This was done to curtail the governmental activities required to maintain these specifications. In response to this directive the military specification was rewritten as a performance specification, MIL-PRF-2105E, and SAE established
12、SAE J2360 in 1998. SAE J2360 is identical to MIL-PRF-2105E with the exception that it provides a procedure for any marketer who meets all the performance requirements to be added to a qualified products list. In 2005, DoD adopted the SAE J2360 document for procurement of all gear oils used in tactic
13、al/combat vehicles used by the military services. Over the years, specifications for passenger car and commercial vehicle axle and manual transmission fluids have deviated from the basic MIL Spec requirements by incorporating additional requirements for specific applications. In such cases OEMs usua
14、lly use MIL specs or portions of MIL Specs as foundations to which they add additional requirements. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J308 Revised MAR2007 - 2 - 1. SCOPE This SAE I
15、nformation Report was prepared by the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Technical Committee for two purposes: (a) to assist the users of automotive equipment in the selection of axle1and manual transmission lubricants for field use, and (b) to promote a uniform practice for use by marketers of lubricants and
16、 by equipment builders in identifying and recommending these lubricants by a service designation. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated the lastest revision of SAE or ASTM publi
17、cations shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J306 Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity Classification SAE J2360 Lubricating Oil
18、, Gear Multipurpose (Metric) Military Use LRI Gear Lubricant Review Procedures 2.1.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D 92 Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup ASTM D 94 Saponification Number
19、of Petroleum Products ASTM D 97 Pour Point ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petroleum Products by the Bomb Method ASTM D 130 Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method) ASTM
20、 D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) ASTM D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of Liquids ASTM D 524 Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products ASTM D 664 Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum
21、Products by Potentiometric Titration ASTM D 808 Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method) 1Axle in this document is defined as a drive axle incorporating reduction gearing and/or differential gears. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo re
22、production or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J308 Revised MAR2007 - 3 - ASTM D 874 Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and Additives ASTM D 892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils ASTM D 893 Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils ASTM D 1091 Phosphorus in L
23、ubricating Oils and Additives ASTM D 1500 ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale) ASTM D 1552 Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method) ASTM D 2270 Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100 C ASTM D 2622 Sulfur in Petroleum Products (X-Ray Spectrogra
24、phic Method) ASTM D 2887 Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography ASTM D 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer ASTM D 3228 Total Nitrogen in Lubricating Oils and Fuel Oils by Modified Kjeldahl Method ASTM D 4047
25、Phosphorus in Lubricating Oils and Additives by Quinoline Phosphomolybdate Method ASTM D 4057 Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products ASTM D 4177 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products ASTM D 4294 Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Non-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrome
26、try ASTM D 4628 Analysis of Barium, Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ASTM D 4629 Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection ASTM D 4927 Elemental Analysis of Lubricants
27、and Additive ComponentsBarium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc by Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ASTM D 4951 Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ASTM D 5182 Test Method for Evaluating the Scuff
28、ing (Scoring) Load Capacity of Oils ASTM D 5185 Determination of Additive Elements, Wear Metals and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry ASTM D 5579 Test Method for Evaluating the Thermal Stability of Manual Transmission Lubricants in a Cyclic Dur
29、ability Test ASTM D 5662 Test Method for Determining Automotive Gear Oil Compatibility with Typical Oil Seal Elastomers ASTM D 5704 Test Method for Evaluation of the Thermal and Oxidative Stability of Lubricating Oils Used for Manual Transmissions and Final Drive Axles Copyright SAE International Pr
30、ovided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J308 Revised MAR2007 - 4 - ASTM D 5760 Standard Specifications for Performance of Normal Transmission Gear Lubricants ASTM D 6121 L-37 TestPerformance Test for Evaluating the Lo
31、ad Carrying Capacity of Automotive Gear Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque ASTM D 7038 L-33Performance Test for Evaluating the Moisture Corrosion Tendencies of Automotive Gear Lubricants L-42 Performance Test for Evaluating the Load Carrying Capacity of Automotive Gear Lubrican
32、ts under Conditions of High Speed Shock Loading 2.1.3 API Publication Available from American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, Tel: 202-682-8000, http:/api-ec.api.org. API 1560 (July, 1995) Lubricant Service Designation for Automotive Manual Transmissions and Axles
33、2.1.4 CRC Publications Available from Coordinating Research Council, 3650 Mansell Road, Suite 140, Alpharetta, GA 30022, Tel: 678-795-0506, . Coordinating Research Council Manual 21 2.1.5 Military Publication Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philade
34、lphia, PA 19111-5094. MIL-PRF-2105E 3. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS In axles and manual transmissions, gears and bearings of different designs are employed under a variety of service conditions. Therefore, the selection of a lubricant involves careful consideration of the performance characteristics
35、required. The following sections describe performance characteristics of axle and manual transmission lubricants which are important in field service. A lubricant is a blend of base stocks and additives optimized for a particular service. Additive packages enhance base stock performance for each per
36、formance characteristic. 3.1 Load-Carrying Capacity One of the most important performance characteristics is load-carrying capacity. The load on gear teeth is a function of the contact area of, and the force applied to the surfaces in contact. Contact area is controlled by gear design; applied force
37、 is determined by the power needed to drive the equipment. The load-carrying capacity of a gear lubricant is defined by the maximum load which can be sustained by the lubricant without failure of gear teeth surfaces. If the load-carrying capacity is exceeded, the lubricant fails to protect the gears
38、 and the gear teeth become damaged. The most common forms of damage are adhesive wear (scuffing) and scoring. Load-carrying capacity is determined by a fluids viscosity at the operating temperature, and by additives. Gear lubricants compounded to achieve increased load-carrying capacity may be refer
39、red to as “extreme pressure“ (EP) lubricants. However, when this term is applied to a gear lubricant, it means only that the load-carrying capacity of the lubricant is greater than that of untreated oil,2with no distinction as to how much greater it may be. The American Petroleum Institute (API) has
40、 developed a classification system which addresses this concern (see Section 5). 2Untreated oil is defined as either refined petroleum or synthetic lubricant base oil containing no supplemental performance additives. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo
41、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J308 Revised MAR2007 - 5 - 3.2 Viscosity Viscosity specifications are generally determined by equipment manufacturers. Refer to SAE J306 for axle and manual transmission lubricant viscosity classification information. 3.2.1 Viscos
42、ity LossMultigrade Lubricants Viscosity and film thickness are critical in both axle and transmission applications. Some multigrade gear lubricants are formulated with viscosity modifiers. Caution should be exercised when multigrade gear lubricants are used, since these may experience significant vi
43、scosity loss due to shear in field service. The shear stresses and shear rates encountered in gear applications can be significantly greater than those in most other lubricant applications. 3.3 Thermal Stability and Oxidation Resistance Factors affecting thermal stability (cleanliness) and oxidation
44、 (thickening) characteristics while the lubricant is in service include ambient temperature, duty cycle, length of service, and the effects of contamination. Poor lubricant performance can result in oil thickening and/or the formation of deposits on parts. Even when lubricants are stored (prior to u
45、se), care should be exercised to ensure that they are not exposed to extreme temperatures and are kept free of contaminants. These precautions are intended to ensure optimum lubricant life. Modern vehicle designs have resulted in significantly higher operating temperatures in axles and transmissions
46、. Oils which do not have a high degree of thermal stability and oxidation resistance can form significant carbon and varnish deposits, which can cause premature seal failure and/or interfere with frictional surfaces used for traction control. For automotive axles and transmissions in mild service, t
47、he temperature of the lubricant may not be sufficiently high to cause significant oxidation. For vehicles operating in moderate to severe conditions of service such as passenger cars pulling trailers, or for trucks or buses in service where higher temperatures occur, thermal stability and oxidation
48、resistance are important factors. Accordingly, only oils with a high degree of thermal stability and oxidation resistance should be used in these applications. The vehicle operator should consult the manufacturers service guide for drain and refill recommendations. 3.4 Foaming and Air Entrainment Ex
49、cessive foaming may interfere with proper lubrication of gear and bearing surfaces and, consequently, should be avoided. Further, foaming can cause leakage via normal venting passages, thereby reducing lubricant sump volume. Foam can appear as a heavy froth on the surface of the oil. Air entrainment occurs w
