1、 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising ther
2、efrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this
3、publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-49
4、70 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/J361_201704 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J361 APR2017 Issued 1968-09 Reaffirmed 2013-0
5、8 Revised 2017-04 Superseding J361 NOV2016 Procedure for Visual Evaluation of Interior and Exterior Automotive Trim RATIONALE Revision to 4.1.1 and other minor revisions. 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice applies to parts and materials used in vehicle manufacture which are intended to be accept
6、able color matches to a specified standard. This document is intended for use with parts or materials which are opaque or nearly so. Materials covered by this document include topcoat paint finishes, interior soft trim, interior and exterior hard trim, and exterior film and flexible trim. This pract
7、ice requires judgments by observers with a minimum of normal color vision and preferably superior as rated with the FM-100 Hue Test as specified in ASTM E1499, Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers. 1.1 Purpose The intent of this document is to precisely specify procedures for t
8、he visual evaluation of appearance of colored materials or parts incorporated in the manufacture of vehicles. The document provides a consistent engineering practice for the determination of visual color difference between materials or parts of the same or like materials. A suitable fixture providin
9、g daylight, fluorescent, and horizon lighting conditions is necessary for this evaluation. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.
10、2.1.1 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D1729 Standard Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials ASTM E284 St
11、andard Terminology of Appearance ASTM E308 Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by using the CIE System SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 2 of 12 ASTM E1499 Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation and Training of Observers 2.1.2 CIE Publications Available from CIE Central Bureau,
12、 Babenbergerstrasse 9/9A, 1010 Vienna, Austria, Tel: +43 1 714 31 87, www.cie.co.at. ISO/CIE Publication ISO 23603/CIE S012, Standard Method for Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Color Color Previously designated as CIE Publication 51.2. 2.2 Related P
13、ublications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. 2.2.1 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.o
14、rg. ASTM D1729 Standard Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials 2.2.2 Wiley Publications Available from Wiley Publishers, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, Tel: 201-748-6000. . Billmeyer and Saltzmans Principles of Color Technol
15、ogy, 3rdEdition, by Roy S. Berns, April 2000 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 MASTER STANDARD, SAMPLE 3.1.1 Master Standard The appropriately identified engineering approved standard sample against which specified similar materials are evaluated. 3.1.2 Sample The material or part that is evaluated for color and a
16、ppearance match to the master standard. 3.2 COLOR ATTRIBUTES The color of a material can be described by three basic attributes. Figure 1 shows a diagram of Munsell hue, value, and chroma and their relationship to one another. SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 3 of 12 Figure 1 - Munsell hue, value
17、, and chroma diagram 3.2.1 Hue The attribute of color perception by means of which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue, or intermediate between some adjacent pair of these. 3.2.2 Value The attribute of color perception by means of which an object is judged to appear light or dark rela
18、tive to an object of the same hue and chroma. 3.2.3 Chroma The attribute of color perception that expresses the degree of departure from gray, toward the pure hue, at the same value and hue. 3.3 CHANGES IN VIEWING GEOMETRY 3.3.1 Metallic Brilliance Departure from solid color (straight shade) appeara
19、nce to a highly metallic or opalescent appearance, often accompanied by a change in the angle of viewing (goniochromatic effect). 3.3.2 Goniochromatism Change in value/lightness, hue or chroma of a specimen upon change in angular illuminating or viewing conditions but without change in light source
20、or observer. When two specimens are compared to each other, they may or may not exhibit metamerism in addition to differences in goniochromatism. They should also be viewed under different lights to check for metamerism (refer to ASTM E284). 3.3.3 Metamerism Property of two specimens that match unde
21、r a specified illuminator and to a specified observer and whose spectral reflectances or transmittances differ in the visible wavelengths (refer to ASTM E284). 3.3.4 Illuminant Metamerism Occurs when two objects match under one light source, but do not match under a different light source. This resu
22、lts when the objects have different spectral reflectance curves but the same color coordinates for one set of viewing conditions. SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 4 of 12 3.3.5 Observer Metamerism Occurs when a metameric pair matches for one person but fails to match when seen by another person u
23、nder the same viewing conditions. 3.3.6 Field Size Metamerism Occurs when the field size changes, for example from 2 to 10. A metameric pair which matches when seen at a distance (small field of view) may no longer match when seen closer to the eyes (large field of view). 4. EQUIPMENT The proper lig
24、hting unit(s) and measuring equipment are essential for consistent appearance evaluation. Figure 2 shows the critical dimensions and relative positions of an examination perch/stand and lighting sources. Figure 2 - Recommended installation for lighting unit(s) 4.1 Lighting Unit(s) Each color evaluat
25、ion area shall be provided with an overhead lighting unit (along with an accompanying material examination perch/stand) capable of broadcasting the following lighting conditions: 4.1.1 Daylight capable of providing a color temperature of 6500 K 200 K at an illuminance of 1080 to 1730 lux (100 to 160
26、 ft-c). Although typically provided by filtered Tungsten Halogen Lamps, Daylight Fluorescent lamps with equivalent spectral and illuminance characteristics can be used as an acceptable alternative. The resulting spectral power distribution of the incident light must be maintained to conform to ASTM
27、E308 and ISO/CIE Publication ISO 23603/CIE S 012 with a quality grade of B/C or better. 4.1.2 Cool White Fluorescent (CWF) capable of providing a color temperature of 4150 K 200 K at a minimum illuminance of 860 lux (80 ft-c). This source is typically provided by Cool White Fluorescent tubes simulat
28、ing Standard Illuminant F2. NOTE: Changes in energy legislation has altered the spectral power of some Cool White lamps to more closely simulate Standard Illuminant F11. SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 5 of 12 4.1.3 Simulated horizon sunlight source providing a color temperature of 2300 K 200 K
29、at a minimum illuminance of 860 lux (80 ft-c). This source is typically provided by Tungsten Halogen Lamps to simulate early morning sunrise or late afternoon sunset conditions. 4.1.4 As an option, an ultraviolet lighting source providing energy near the visible spectrum, and also known as Black Lig
30、ht (no Kelvin value associated), can be used alone or in combination with any of the previous light sources to exaggerate the effects of optical brighteners, whitening agents, fluorescent pigments, dyes, or resins. DO NOT USE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT FOR A COLOR MATCH DECISION. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY INTO A
31、ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SOURCE BECAUSE EYE DAMAGE CAN OCCUR FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT. 4.1.5 Input Voltage Follow manufacturers installation instructions for proper input voltage requirements. 4.2 Lighting Booths As an acceptable alternative, a light booth can be utilized for color evaluation pu
32、rposes only if agreed upon by the customer and supplier. The booth should be placed so that it is at least 1070 mm (42 inches) above floor level and should be set-up so that direct viewing into the booth is possible. 4.3 Light Meter A calibrated light meter is required for checking the intensity lev
33、els of the lighting sources. 4.4 Color Temperature Measuring Instrument A spectroradiometer or colorimeter must be used to check color temperature of the light sources. These units must be calibrated using a NIST traceable 6500 K source. Only a Spectroradiometer with current traceability and capable
34、 of measuring 300 to 700 nm in a minimum of 5 nm intervals can be used for calibration and re-certification as specified in ISO 23603/CIE S 012. 5. VIEWING ENVIRONMENT To perform accurate visual color matching, the viewing environment must be set up and maintained to be consistent with other locatio
35、ns in the industry (see Appendix B). 5.1 Perch and Surround Color of Perch and surround shall be neutral gray, defined as Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71) with a maximum Chroma C* = 1.0, visually appearing neutral. 5.2 Ambient Light The light units and examination perch shall be placed in an area that WILL N
36、OT ADMIT ambient light into the viewing environment. 5.2.1 Enclosed Room An enclosed room is the preferred location for the installation of the light units. The walls shall be painted with Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71) flat paint. (This paint is available from any major supplier.) Adequate ventilation of
37、the room must be provided to prevent overheating of the lamps. SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 6 of 12 5.2.2 Enclosing Curtain If a room is not available, an enclosing curtain will be suitable. The curtain must be dull in finish and the color must be as close as possible to Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-7
38、1). Curtain must also be dense enough to prevent ambient light penetration and must surround the viewing area. A minimum distance of 914 mm (3 feet) must be maintained between the enclosure or curtain and the front of the perch to allow proper viewing from all directions. 5.3 Examination Perch Gray
39、foam matting, Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71), napped knit fabric or carpet shall be used on the perch surface. The material shall be suitably textured so that materials and parts will not slide off the perch. As an option, a napped knit fabric, black in Color, Munsell N 0.5-N1.5 (L*5.1-15.4) with a maximum
40、 Chroma C* of 1.0, visually appearing neutral, can be used, provided that it is located on a separate examination perch/stand or is able to be easily removed from the primary perch/stand (see 10.1). The optional black perch material helps in eliminating random specular reflections, and is helpful wh
41、en viewing dark colors or parts at the deep flop angle. Use of this alternate black perch material should be noted with the color comments. Comply with Figure 2 for perch dimensions. 6. MAINTENANCE Consistency of correlated color temperature, light levels (illuminance) and spectral power distributio
42、n among all locations within the lighting unit must be certified by the manufacturer. Proper maintenance of the lighting unit, in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation, is essential to ensure consistent lighting conditions over time and with respect to other units. A checklist for environ
43、mental evaluation is provided in Appendix A. 6.1 Diffuser The diffuser should be cleaned every 3 months with a glass cleaner. 6.2 Daylight Filters The Daylight filters if applicable, should be cleaned and checked for cracks every 6 months. These filters should be cleaned with a non-streaking glass c
44、leaner and allowed to air dry. (CAUTION: Allow adequate cooling of the daylight filters and lamps before attempting to remove.) If filter replacement is required, replacement filters must be evaluated for spectral power distribution of the transmitted light per 4.1.1. 6.3 Perch The perch should be c
45、leaned once a month. If any discoloration has occurred, the perch material must be replaced. NOTE: Some materials, such as gray foam material turn yellow over time. When this has occurred, it must be replaced to conform to 5.1. 6.4 Calibration and Certification Lighting units must be calibrated with
46、 NIST traceable certification at least once a year. Prior to and following calibration, the illuminance values, correlated color temperature, and ISO 23603/CIE S 012 Publication Em* should be recorded for each position. Calibration sticker must be affixed to the front of the unit. Lamps should be re
47、placed when the unit is out, of specification for color temperature and/or intensity, provided all other factors affecting color temperature or intensity are within tolerance (i.e., units properly calibrated. unit cleanliness, etc.). It is good practice to replace the lamp series (i.e., all daylight
48、 bulbs) when one lamp becomes defective. SAE INTERNATIONAL J361 APR2017 Page 7 of 12 6.5 Light Level Balance The light level (illuminance) should be checked monthly. Measurements should be taken directly under each daylight lamp, 635 mm (25 inches) below the diffuser. This distance is necessary in o
49、rder to give a common measurement reference point. Any measurements taken within the viewing area shall not differ from the mean value of the measurements taken by more than 20%. The viewing area is defined as that which falls within 20% of the illumination level of that average. 6.6 Maintenance Log All maintenance activities, such as cleaning, calibration, bulb replacement, etc., should be recorded. Control char
