1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1997 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001STANDARDSTANDARDSubmitted for recognition as an American National Standa
4、rdJ417REV.DEC83Issued 1946-01Revised 1983-12HARDNESS TESTS AND HARDNESS NUMBER CONVERSIONSForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeThis report lists approximate hardness conversion values; test methods for Vickers Hardness, B
5、rinellHardness, Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Shore Hardness; and information regardingsurface preparation, specimen thickness, effect of curved surfaces, and recommendations for Rockwellsurface hardness testing for case hardened parts.The tables in this report give the approximat
6、e relationship of Vickers Brinell, Rockwell, and Scleroscopehardness values and corresponding approximate tensile strengths of steels. It is impossible to give exactrelationships because of the inevitable influence of size, mass, composition, and method of heat treatment.Where more precise conversio
7、ns are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition,heat treatment, and part.The accompanying conversion tables for steel hardness numbers are based on extensive tests on carbon andalloy steels, mostly in the heat treated condition, but have been found to be reliable on pr
8、actically allconstructional alloy steels and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and temperedconditions, provided they are homogeneous. Such special cases as high manganese steel, 18% chromium8% nickel steel and other austenitic steels, and nickel base alloys, as well as
9、 constructional alloy steels andtool steels in the cold worked condition, may not conform to the relationships given with the same degree ofaccuracy as the steels for which the tables are intended.All numbers in these tables given in bold face type were prepared jointly by the American Society for T
10、estingand Materials, the American Society for Metals, and SAE from carefully checked data. The values given inregular face type were taken from the Army-Navy Approximate Hardness Tensile Strength Relationship ofCarbon and Low Alloy Steels (ANQQ-H-201) published in the 1943 SAE Handbook, with only mi
11、noradjustments.SAE J417 Revised DEC83-2-2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Comm
12、onwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J423Methods of Measuring Case DepthANQQ-H-201Army-Navy Approximate hardness Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low AlloySteels (published in the 1943 SAE Handbook)2.1.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocke
13、n, PA 19428-2959.ASTM E 10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM E 18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3. Use of Conversion TablesThe conversions given in the accompanying Tables 1, 2, and 3 arerecommended for use in convert
14、ing the results of one form of hardness test to another only on flat surfaces andonly when the specific test procedures and precautions outlined in the several hardness test methods arefollowed. Attention is called to the limitation in ASTM E 10 (Brinell Hardness Tests) on the use of the standardste
15、el ball to hardness values less than 450 HB, and the use of a tungsten carbide ball to hardness values lessthan 630 HB. The Rockwell Superficial and Vickers Hardness tests require especially smooth surfaces foraccurate results. In all tests, a specimen should be of sufficient thickness to avoid anvi
16、l effectwhich thicknessis roughly 10 times the depth of the indentation. It is important that conversions from Brinell Hardness toshallow impression type tests, such as Rockwell Superficial and Vickers Hardness tests, be made only onmaterials that are of uniform hardness to a depth at least 10 times
17、 that of the indentation. Such hardnessconversions should not be made on surface hardened, coated, or decarburized surfaces. Although theRockwell Hardness and the Rockwell Superficial Hardness values in the tables are given to tenths of a point inorder to maintain exact relationships between the var
18、ious scales, it is customary to report these values to thenearest point. Experience has shown that even under carefully controlled conditions, some deviations from theconversion relationships will occur.The numbers given in parentheses in the tables are values beyond the practical range of usefulnes
19、s of the typeof test under which they appear and have no strict application. They are included in the tables as a matter ofinformation only, and should not be used for specifications. 4. Vickers Hardness (HV), Table IVickers Hardness is determined by forcing a square base diamond pyramidhaving an ap
20、ex angle of 136 deg into the test specimen under loads usually of 3-50 kg and measuring thediagonals of the recovered indentations. The Vickers Hardness is defined as the load per unit area of surfacecontact in kilograms per square millimeter as calculated from the average diagonal as follows:(Eq. 1
21、)where:HV = Vickers Hardness d = length of average diagonal in millimetersa = apex angle = 136 degL = load in kilogramsFor further information on standard methods of Vickers Hardness Testing, refer to ASTM E 92-72.HV2L a2-sind2-=SAE J417 Revised DEC83-3-SAE J417 Revised DEC83-4-SAE J417 Revised DEC8
22、3-5-SAE J417 Revised DEC83-6-SAE J417 Revised DEC83-7-5. Brinell HardnessTables 2 and 35.1 Test BallThe diameter of the ball shall be 10.00 0.005 mm (0.3937 0.0004 in). The load applied shall be3000 kg (6614 lb) for at least 15 s on iron and steel. The standard ball is hardened steel; a tungsten car
23、bideball is used to test hard materials.5.2 Test ImpressionThe average diameter of the impression shall be obtained from two measurements at rightangles to each other, made with an instrument having a reading error not over 0.01 mm (0.0004 in).5.3 Test SpecimenThe surface of the specimen should be f
24、lat and reasonably free from scratches. Thespecimen shall be taken deep enough to represent the true composition of the material to be tested, and thetest surface shall be maintained in a plane normal to the direction of the testing load.5.4 ExceptionsThis test should not be used on soft steels less
25、 than 10 mm (3/8 in) thick or on areas smallenough to permit deflection of the edges of the specimen owing to the flow from the ball depression.For further information on standard methods of Brinell Hardness testing, refer to ASTM E 10. For BrinellHardness Numbers for Various Loads, see Table 3.6. R
26、ockwell HardnessTable 46.1 Principle of TestThe Rockwell Hardness tester is essentially a machine that measures hardness bydetermining the depth of penetration of a penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditionsof test. The penetrator may be either a steel ball or a diamond
27、sphero-conical penetrator. The hardness valueas read from the dial (more recent testers incorporate digital readings) is an arbitrary number which is relatedto the depth of indentation, and since the scales are reversed, the number is higher the harder the material. Aminor load of 10 kg is first app
28、lied which causes an initial penetration which sets the penetrator on the materialand holds it in position. The dial is set at zero on the black figure scale and the major load is applied. After themajor load is applied and removed, according to standard procedure, the reading is taken while the min
29、or loadis still in position.6.2 Preparation of SurfacesConcordant results are dependent on surface roughness being much less than thesize of the impression. Surfaces that are ridged perceptibly to the eye by rough grinding or machining offerunequal support to the penetrator. The degree of surface pr
30、eparation then depends, to some extent, on therequirements of testing, whether they be production or research.6.3 Thickness of SpecimensThe minimum allowable thickness of any specimen varies according to thehardness, the load applied, and the kind of test point or penetrator used. See Tables 2 and 3
31、 of ASTM E 18 forselection of Rockwell scales for a given hardness and thickness of specimen.6.4 Curved SurfacesData for hardness tests on a highly curved surface should be accompanied by a statementof the radius of curvature. In testing small rounds, the effect of curvature can be eliminated by mak
32、ing a smallflat spot on the specimen. See Tables 5 and 6 of ASTM E 18 for corrections for tests on cylindrical specimens.6.5 Case Hardened PartsThe following information defines the minimum effective case depths which will allowthe accurate determination of indentation surface hardness measurements
33、for standard and superficialhardness tests. These practices are for fully hardened cases either as quenched or with low approximately175 C (350 F) temperature temper. Tempering to lower hardness levels may require less indention load thandescribed.Effective case is defined as the depth to 50 HRC or
34、its equivalent (see SAE J423). These practices will notavoid errors caused by surface metal of reduced hardness resulting from decarburization, retained austenite,grinding damage, etc. These recommendations may be used for all levels of core hardness.SAE J417 Revised DEC83-8-SAE J417 Revised DEC83-9
35、-It is recommended that surface hardness be specified and measured with a scale which has indentation loadsno greater than the following:6.6 Rockwell ScalesIn the dial type tester, the black figures are used only for the diamond brale penetrator withvarious loads. Scale A applies when the major load
36、 is 60 kg, scale D when it is 100 kg, and scale C when theload is 150 kg. The red figures are used for readings obtained with ball penetrators regardless of size ormagnitude of major load; scale B applies when the major load of 100 kg is applied to the 1.6-mm (1/16-in) steelball penetrator. All data
37、 should be accompanied by a letter showing whether the values are on the A, B, C, or Dscale.6.7 Testing Cast Iron-Materials such as cast iron with graphite particles and some nonferrous materials whosecrystalline aggregates are comparatively large, must be tested with a penetrator of sufficient size
38、 to overcomelocal or grain hardness in order to secure mass hardness.6.8 Superficial Hardness TesterThe Rockwell Superficial Hardness tester utilizes the same principle as theregular Rockwell tester, but employs a light minor load of 3 kg and a light major load of 15, 30, or 45 kg inconjunction with
39、 a more sensitive depth measuring system. It is recommended for use on thin strip or sheetmaterial, nitrided or lightly carburized pieces, finished pieces on which large test marks would be undesirable,areas near edges, extremely small parts or sections, and shapes that would collapse under the comp
40、arativelyheavy test loads of the regular Rockwell tester. When the 120 deg diamond cone penetrator is used, readingsare designated by the letter N prefixed by the major load (that is, 15-N, 30-N, or 45-N). Similarly, the letter Tprefixed by the major load is applied to readings taken with the 1.6-mm
41、 (1-1/16-in) steel ball. Specialpenetrators for very soft metals or nonmetallic materials include 3.2-mm (1/8-in), 6.4-mm (1/4-in), and 12.7-mm(1/2-in) steel balls, designated by the letters W, X, and Y, respectively. In using the Rockwell SuperficialHardness tester, the general methods prescribed f
42、or the regular Rockwell tester should be observed.For further information on standard methods of Rockwell hardness testing of metallic materials, refer to ASTME 18.7. Shore HardnessThe Shore hardness number is the reading obtained on an arbitrary scale ranging from0120 by the rebound of a small diam
43、ond pointed hammer dropped from a fixed height. Two types ofinstruments are in common use, one in which the rebound is read directly on a vertical scale and the other onwhich the reading is registered by the instrument on a recording dial.CAUTIONShore (and other testers based on the rebound principl
44、e) readings are affected by variations inmass, form, surface, composition, and physical condition of different specimens being tested.Minimum EffectiveCase Depth on PartsScale0.18 mm (0.007 in) H R15N0.25 mm (0.010 in) H R30N0.31 mm (0.012 in) H R45N0.38 mm (0.015 in) H RA0.46 mm (0.018 in) H RD0.53
45、 mm (0.021 in) H RCSAE J417 Revised DEC83-10-8. Notes8.1 Marginal IndiciaThe change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the leftof the document title indi
46、cates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE IRON AND STEEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEESAE J417 Revised DEC83RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThis report lists approximate hardness conversion values; test P methods for VickersHardne
47、ss, Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Shore Hardness; andinformation regarding surface preparation, specimen thickness, effect of curved surfaces, andrecommendations for Rockwell surface hardness testing for case hardened parts.The tables in this report give the appr
48、oxim1te relationship of Vickers Brinell, Rockwell, and Scleroscopehardness values and corresponding approximate tensile strengths of steels. It is impossible to give exactrelationships because of the inevitable influence of size, mass, composition, and method of heattreatment. Where more precise con
49、versions are required, they should be developed specially for eachsteel composition, heat treatment, and part.The accompanying conversion tables for steel hardness numbers are based on extensive tests oncarbon and alloy steels, mostly in the heat treated condition, but have been found to be reliable onpractically all constructional alloy steels and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, andquenched and tempered conditions, provided they are homogeneous. Such special cases as highmanganese steel, 187o chromium87o nic
