1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1991 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTJ428REV.MAR91Issued 1960-01Revised 1991-03Superseding J
4、428 JUN83(R) ULTRASONIC INSPECTIONForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeThe scope of this SAE Information report is to provide basic information on ultrasonics, as applied inthe field of nondestructive inspection. Referenc
5、es to detailed information are listed in Section 2.2. References2.1 Related PublicationsThe following publications are printed for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AMS 2631
6、, Ultrasonic Inspection of Titanium Alloys, November, 19722.1.2 ASM PUBLICATIONATTN: MSC/Book Order, ASM International, PO Box 473, Novelty, OH 44072-9901.Metals Handbook, Ninth Ed., Vol. 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, 1989. 2.1.3 OTHER PUBLICATIONSNondestructive Testing Handbook
7、, Vol. 7, Ultrasonic Testing, 1990, American Society for NondestructiveTesting, Columbus, OH 43228Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, Vol. 4, Quality Control and Assembly, 1987, Society ofManufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI 48121J. in general, higher test frequencies permit detection of sma
8、ller discontinuities.Lower frequencies permit penetration of greater thickness of material, or of coarse grained materialthat cannot be inspected with the higher frequencies.d. Orientation of discontinuity and its distance from the ultrasound entrant surfacee. Type of defect and acoustic impedance m
9、ismatchIn addition to discontinuity detection, ultrasonic energy is also used to gage the thickness of materials from oneside. Yield or tensile strength of nodular cast irons can be estimated through its relationship to the velocity ofultrasonic energy in the metal.4. PrinciplesUltrasonic inspection
10、 is made possible by the ability of most solid materials to support thetransmission of high frequency sound waves. This ability to support these mechanical vibrations varies fordifferent materials, and depends upon certain physical properties of each material, such as density, modulus,grain structur
11、e, etc.All ultrasonic tests involve introducing controlled ultrasonic energy into the object under test, and observinghow the passage of sound is affected in transit. Any discontinuity in the material can reflect, disperse, orattenuate the energy. The ultrasonic energy used for testing is usually ge
12、nerated in short bursts or pulses bypiezoelectric transducers driven by appropriate electronic circuitry. Test frequencies used are usually between1 to 25 MHz, and the pulse repetition rates from a few hertz to thousands of hertz. Since air will not supportthese ultrasonic signals, a liquid such as
13、water or oil is used to couple the energy from the transducer into thematerial under test. Ultrasonic transducers, often called search units, are typically less than 25 mm (1 in) indiameter. Thus, when inspecting large objects, it is necessary to scan the object with the transducer.SAE J428 Revised
14、MAR91-3-5. Types Of Tests5.1 Pulse EchoA pulse of ultrasonic energy is transmitted into the part. The time required for the reflectedenergy to return to the transducer is observed. A discontinuity is usually indicated by:a. Reflections received from locations where no physical discontinuities (such
15、as end faces, grooves, orholes) are known to existb. Loss of the reflection from the known physical discontinuity5.1.1 ADVANTAGESa. Single tranducer operation permits inspection with access to only one side of the materialb. The resolution and sensitivity of this method, in most applications, is sup
16、erior to other ultrasonicmethods5.1.2 DISADVANTAGESThe minimum thickness of material which can be inspected is about 0.254 mm (0.01 in)with present-day equipment.5.2 Through TestingEither a pulsed or continuous beam of energy is coupled into the material from onetransducer. A second transducer, plac
17、ed in a position to receive the transmitted energy, receives the energyleaving the material. Changes in the amplitude of the received energy indicates discontinuities in the part.5.2.1 ADVANTAGESa. The energy passes through the part only one time, permitting this test to be used on materials difficu
18、ltto penetrateb. Very thin materials can be tested5.2.2 DISADVANTAGESa. Precision fixturing for two transducers and preparation of two test surfaces are requiredb. The accuracy is usually less than in Pulse Echo testingc. Depth of discontinuity cannot be determined6. ProcedureTwo techniques, contact
19、 testing and immersion testing, are used in ultrasonic inspection. In anyapplication, the material under test should be cleaned to remove any loose particles or scale prior toinspection.6.1 Contact TestingThe transducer is placed directly against the material under test. A film of liquid couplant(i.
20、e., water, oil, glycerine) is required between them.6.1.1 ADVANTAGESa. Relatively low cost equipmentb. Portable battery operated equipment availablec. Good sound penetrationd. Surface defects can be detected by transmitting a surface wave along the outside contour of mostparts. Results are a direct
21、function of surface smoothness, improving with better surface.SAE J428 Revised MAR91-4-6.1.2 DISADVANTAGESa. A reasonably smooth surface finish is requiredb. The energy cannot be readily focused to obtain increased resolution and sensitivity in a given areac. Difficult to control shape and direction
22、 of beamd. The transducer is subject to wear thus requiring replacement or wear/shoes in some applicationse. Sensitivity is variable, depending upon the efficiency of the coupling6.2 Immersion TestingThe material to be inspected is placed in a reservoir of couplant liquid. The transducer isimmersed
23、in the reservoir and accurately positioned relative to the material under test. Water columnsbetween the transducers and the test surface may also be used where immersion is undesirable.6.2.1 ADVANTAGESa. The energy can be focused or shaped for the part, permitting increased resolution and sensitivi
24、tyb. Immersion coupling facilitates the inspection of nonuniformly contoured partsc. Better close-to-surface resolution than other ultrasonic techniquesd. Lends to automatic inspection and recording of resultse. Transducer wear is minimizedf. Test results are more repeatable6.2.2 DISADVANTAGESa. The
25、 requirement of immersing the sampleb. The necessity of accurate positioning of the material and transducer(s)c. The sample (or object) size is limited by the size of the immersion reservoird. Equipment is expensive when compared to contact techniques7. Notes7.1 Marginal IndiciaThe change bar (l) lo
26、cated in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the leftof the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE IRON AND STEEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
27、 DIVISION 25 NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODSSAE J428 Revised MAR91RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThe scope of this SAE Information report is to provide basic information on ultrasonics, asapplied in the field of nondestructive inspection. Re
28、ferences to detailed information are listed inSection 2.Reference SectionNondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 7, Ultrasonic Testing, 1990, American Society for NondestructiveTesting, Columbus, OH 43228Metals Handbook, Ninth Ed., Vol. 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, 1989, ASMInter
29、national, Metals Park, OH 44073Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, Vol. 4, Quality Control and Assembly, 1987, Society ofManufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI 48121J. & H. Krautkramer, “Ultrasonic Testing of Materials“, New York: Springer-Verlag, Third Edition, 1983T. F. Hueter and R. H. Bolt
30、, “Sonics“ (Fifth Edition), New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966R. Goldman, “Ultrasonic Technology“, New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1962J. Frederick, “Ultrasonic Engineering“, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965R. C. McMaster, ed., “Nondestructive Testing Handbook“, Vol. II, Section 435
31、0, 1959. AmericanSociety for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH 43328A. L. Phillips, ed., “Welding Handbook“, (Sixth Edition), pp. 6.5460, New York: American WeldingSociety, 1968AMS 2631, Ultrasonic Inspection of Titanium Alloys, November, 1972, SAE, Warrendale, PA 15096Developed by the SAE Iron And Steel Technical Committee - Division 25 - Nondestructive Test MethodsSponsored by the SAE Iron And Steel Technical Committee
