1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1989 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001STANDARDSubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ465RE
4、AF.JAN89Issued Jan. 1940Reaffirmed Jan. 1989Superseding J465 JUN83MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYS1. ScopeThis document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormatThis SAE Standard covers the most commonly used magnesium alloys suitable for casting by the variouscom
5、mercial processes. The chemical composition limits and minimum mechanical properties are shown.Over the years, magnesium alloys have been identified by many numbering systems, as shown in Table 1.Presently, SAE is recommending the use of the use of the UNS numbering system to identify those material
6、s.Other equally important characteristics such as surface finish and dimensional tolerances are not covered inthis standard.1.1 Sources of MagnesiumSources of MagnesiumMagnesium is the third most abundant structural elementin the earths crust, and considered inexhaustible. Common sources are sea wat
7、er, natural brines, magnesite,and dolomite. Three methods of extraction are used in the United States. One method involves treating seawater with a source of alkalinity to precipitate the magnesium as hydroxide, mixing with hydrochloric acid toproduce hydrated magnesium chloride, and then partially
8、drying. The hydrous magnesium chloride is reducedelectrolytically to produce magnesium metal and a mixture of chlorine and hydrochloric acid. A secondmethod produces co-products magnesium metal and pure chlorine in the electrolytic cell by the reduction ofanhydrous magnesium chloride or by the chlor
9、ination of MgO. The anhydrous cell feed results from thecomplete dehydration of natural brines. Another method of extraction, which is also used in the United Statesand in other countries, is by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide by ferrosilicon. Most of the magnesiumingot sold is of 99.80% purity
10、. Grades of magnesium of 99.90, 99.95, and 99.98% purity are also available.The higher purity grades are used mostly in nuclear applications and for reduction purposes.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
11、nse from IHS-,-SAE J465ReaffirmedJAN89-2-TABLE 1PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNESIUM SAND-CASTING ALLOYSAlloy Designation Approximate MeltingRange, F (C)Foundry Characteristics(1)1. Rating of 1 indicates best of group; 3 indicates poorest of group.Cast-abilityOther CharacteristicsUNS
12、ASTMandSAEOldSAENon-EquilibriumSolidus(2)2. As measured on metal solidified under normal casting conditions.Solidus LiquidusPatternShrinkageAllowancein/ft(mm/m)(3)3. Allowance for average castings. Shrinkage requirements will vary with intricacy of design and dimensions. (1 in/ft x 8.333 = % Shrinka
13、ge.)PressureTightnessFluidity(4)4. Ability of liquid alloy to flow readily in mold and fill thin sections.Micro-porosityTendency(5)5. Based on radiographic evidence.NormallyHeatTreatedMachining(6)6. Composite rating based on ease of cutting, chip characteristics, quality of finish, and tool life. Ra
14、tings, in the case of heat-treatable alloys, based on T6 type temper. Other tempers, particularly the annealed tem-per, may have lower ratings.Electro-plating(7)7. Ability of casting to take and hold an electroplate applied by present standard methods.SurfaceTreatment(8)8. Ability of castings to be
15、cleaned in standard pickle solutions and to be conditioned for best paint adhesion.Suit-abilityto Brazing(9)9. Refers to suitability of alloy to withstand brazing temperature without excessive distortion or melting.Suit-abilityto Welding(10)10. Based on ability of material to be fusion welded with f
16、iller rod of same alloy.M10100 (11)11. Properties applicable for permanent mold and investment castings.AM100A 502 810 (432) 867 (464) 1100 (593) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 2 1 2 2 No 1M11630 AZ63A 50 685 (363) 850 (454) 1130 (610) 5/32 (13.0) 3 1 3 Yes 3 1 1 1 No 3M11810(11) AZ81A 505 790 (421) 882 (472
17、) 1115 (602) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 1 1 2 2 No 1M11914(11) AZ91C 504 785 (418) 875 (468) 1105 (596) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 1 1 2 2 No 2M11920(11) AZ92A 500 770 (410) 830 (443) 1100 (593) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 2 1 2 2 No 2M12330(12)12. Properties applicable for permanent mold castings also.EZ33A 506 10
18、10 (543) 1189 (643) 3/16 (15.5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 1 1 No 1M13310(11) HK31A 507 1092 (589) 1204 (651) 7/32 (18.0) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 1 1 (13)13. Inexperience with these alloys under wide production conditions makes it undesirable to supply ratings at this time.1M13320(11) HZ32A 1026 (552) 1198 (648) 3/16 (15.
19、5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 2 (13) 2M18010 (14)14. Properties applicable for investment castings also.K1A 1205 (652) 3/16 (15.5) 2 2 2 No 2 1 3 2 (13) 1M18210 QH21A 1004 (539) 1184 (640) 3/16 (15.5) 2 2 2 Yes 1 1 2 1 No M18220(11) QE22A 1020 (549) 1190 (643) 5/32 (13.0) 2 2 2 Yes 1 1 2 1 (13) 1M16410(14) ZE41A
20、 950 (510) 1184 (640) 3/16 (15.5) (13) 2 (13) Yes 1 1 1 1 No 2M16630(14) ZE63A 510 (266) 950 (510) 3/16 (15.5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 (13) 1 No 1M16620 ZH62A 508 1169 (632) 5/32 (13.0) 2 2 2 Yes 2 1 1 1 No (13)M16510 ZK51A 509 1020 (549) 1185 (641) 5/32 (13.0) 3 2 3 Yes 3 1 2 2 No 3M16610 ZK61A 513 985 (529)
21、 1175 (635) 532 (13.0) 3 2 3 Yes 3 1 2 1 No 3Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J465 Reaffirmed JAN89-3-1.2 CastingsMagnesium alloys are cast by all casting methods, the most common be
22、ing pressure die casting,investment casting, sand casting, and permanent mold casting. Many alloys are available for use as sand,investment, and permanent mold castings to give the desired end use and production characteristics. Most ofthese are not suitable for use in the pressure die casting proce
23、ss. Most of the alloys used for sand, investment,and permanent mold castings may be heat treated to increase strength or improve stability. Die castings, whilein the same composition range as some of the sand castings, are not heat treated because of undesirableeffects such as grain growth and blist
24、ering. Magnesium alloy sand, investment, and permanent mold castingsare generally sold in the solution heat treated (T4) condition for best ductility. Artificial aging after solution heattreatment (T6) increases the yield strength considerably but decreases the ductility. Many times an artificialage
25、 (T5) from the as-cast condition (F) is sufficient to give the desired strength and stability.1.3 Alloying ElementsCommon alloying elements used in magnesium alloys are aluminum, manganese, rareearths, silicon, silver, thorium, zinc, and zirconium. Alloys are stronger than the pure metal, but have l
26、owerelectrical and thermal conductivities. Certain of the alloys respond to heat treatment with an increase instrength and hardness. Most commercial alloys are stable at room temperature. Certain alloying elementssuch as the rare earths and thorium improve the high temperature strength of magnesium
27、alloys.1.4 Alloy NomenclatureA designation system for magnesium alloys used commercially and described in ASTMB 275, Recommended Practice for Codification of Light Metals and Alloys, Cast and Wrought, was adopted bySAE in 1971. The initial letters represent the major alloying elements with the follo
28、wing numerals representingthe nominal percent by weight of each element. The final letter is assigned arbitrarily.1.5 Temper DesignationThe same temper designation system is used for both aluminum-base andmagnesium-base alloys. It is described in detail under the aluminum alloy section of this book
29、and in ASTM B296, Recommended Practice for Temper Designation of Magnesium Alloys, Cast and Wrought.1.6 Finishing and CoatingBare magnesium is suitable for some applications. Protective finishes may berequired to prevent tarnishing or for protection from corrosion in humid industrial or marine atmos
30、pheres. It issubject to galvanic attack when coupled to most other metals, and such connections should be adequatelyprotected if moisture will be present. Magnesium can be finished by plating and painting for either protection ordecoration.1.7 TestingMagnesium alloys are tested like other metals usi
31、ng standard ASTM methods. The tensile andcompressive yield strengths are defined as the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates 0.2% from theinitial modulus line.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specifiedherein
32、. Unless otherwise indicated the lastest revision of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 ASTMAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTMB275Recommended Practice for Codification of Light Metals and Alloys, Cast and WroughtASTMB296Recommended Practice for Temper D
33、esignation of Magnesium Alloys, Cast and WroughtASTMB557Method of Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J465 Reaffir
34、med JAN89-4-3. Sand Castings3.1 GeneralSand castings are used when a small number of castings are required or the casting is large orcomplicated. In many cases, sand cores are used with permanent mold castings. Dimensional tolerances, onthe whole, are greater for sand castings than for permanent mol
35、d castings and the surface is not as smooth.In the design of patterns, a shrinkage factor of 5/32 in/ft (13 mm/m) is generally used, but this may be reducedto 1/8 in/ft (10 mm/m) or less if free shrinkage is restrained by bosses, internal cores, or grates and risers.Walls as thin as 0.150 in (3.80 m
36、m) can be readily made in large size castings. Thinner walls are possible forsmaller areas. For example, a 0.120 in (3.05 mm) thick wall can be cast covering an area o f about 1 ft2 (0.1 m2).In order to obtain the best results from castings, the foundry should be consulted on the design of the casti
37、ng,choice of alloy, heat treatment, and properties attainable. The selection of the alloy and heat treatment isgoverned by the characteristics desired in the casting and the limitations of the casting process.Considerations of cost and secondary characteristics such as finishing, welding, and pressu
38、re tightness maybe the deciding factor on which alloy to use.3.2 Physical Properties and Characteristics3.2.1 PURE MAGNESIUMMagnesium is extremely light with the common alloys having a specific gravity of about1.8 compared to 2.7 for aluminum. The heavier structural metals like iron, copper, and zin
39、c areapproximately four times as heavy as magnesium. Magnesium melts at 1202 F (650 C). The coefficient ofthermal expansion between 68212 F (20100 C) is approximately 0.0000145/F (0.0000261/C) and isslightly higher than for aluminum, 0.000013/F (0.000023/C), and over twice that of steel. The thermal
40、 andelectrical conductivities of magnesium are relatively high and some alloys approach values comparable toaluminum alloys. The modulus of elasticity is approximately 6 500 000 psi (45 GPa). The pure metal is notused for structural applications, but a number of alloys have been developed with good
41、strength-to-weightratios.3.2.2 ALLOYSThe physical properties and characteristics of the most commonly used alloys for sand casting arecompared in Table 1, which was compiled by the American Foundrymens Society.Approximately the same ratings shown in Table 1 would apply for the same alloys when used
42、for permanentmold and investment castings, although not all sand casting alloys are suitable for use in permanent molds.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J465 Reaffirmed JAN89-5-3.3 C
43、omposition and Its EffectsThe compositions of magnesium casting alloys are given in Table 2.Alloys M10100, M11630, M11810, M11914, and M11920 are used for most commercial applications. With theexception of M10100, which is a binary magnesium-aluminum alloy, they contain aluminum and zinc as alloying
44、elements. This alloy family is used where moderately high strength at room temperature is desired. Thesealloys generally have good castability and are the lowest in cost of the commercial alloys. Individualdifferences in strength, ductility, and pressure tightness exist in this family of alloys. M11
45、630 has the besttoughness but has a tendency to microporosity in complex designs. M11920 has the highest tensile yieldstrength of the Mg-Al-Zn alloys. It has been used extensively in aircraft engines. M10100 has good castabilityand pressure tightness. Alloys M11914 and M11810 have better pressure ti
46、ghtness than M11630 and havegood weldability. Both M11914 and M11810 have been used extensively in aircraft and racing car wheels. Theupper operating limit for the Mg-Al-Zn casting alloys is generally considered to be about 300 F (149 C).A second series of alloys is based upon the Mg-Zn-Zr alloy sys
47、tem. These alloys are also generally used atservice temperatures below 300 F (149 C), although the addition of rare earth metals (alloy M16410) andthorium (alloy M16620) somewhat improves their ability to withstand exposure to more elevated temperatures.Alloys M16410 and M16620 have improved foundry
48、 characteristics and weldability over M16510 and M16610.Alloy M16610-T6 has a high strength-to-weight ratio compared to most commercial casting alloys, but showsless favorable foundry characteristics. Alloy M16630-T6 has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is readily castable,and shows little or no ten
49、dency to microporosity. It is designed to take advantage of a new principle of heattreatment involving the inward diffusion of hydrogen and formation of hydrides. M18010 is a low-strengthcasting alloy intended for applications requiring exceptionally good damping characteristics.TABLE 2COMPOSITION OF MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYSAlloy Designation Elements, wt. %UNSASTMandSAEOldSAE AlMn,min Zn ThRareEar
