1、 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising ther
2、efrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this
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4、70 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J551/15_201509 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J551-15 SEP2015 Issued 1995-
5、05 Revised 2015-09 Superseding J551-15 JUN2009 Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity - Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) RATIONALE This document has been determined to contain basic and stable technology which is not dynamic in nature. 1. SCOPE This SAE Standard specifies the ESD test methods and procedures
6、necessary to evaluate electronic modules intended for vehicle use. It describes test procedures for evaluating electronic modules in complete vehicles. A procedure for verifying the simulator that is used to generate the electrostatic discharges is given in Appendix A. Functional status classificati
7、ons for immunity to ESD are given in Appendix B. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 IEC Publication Copies of these doc
8、uments are available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/ IEC 61000-4-2 (2001-04) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-2: Testing and Measurement Techniques - Electrostatic Discharge Immunity Test 2.1.2 ISO Publication Copies of these documents are available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/
9、ISO 10605 Road Vehicles - Test Methods for Electrical Disturbances from Electrostatic Discharge SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 2 of 13 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) A transfer of electrostatic charge between bodies at different potentials occurring prior to contact or indu
10、ced by an electrostatic field. 3.2 HUMAN ESD MODEL FOR VEHICLE OCCUPANTS The capacity, voltage, and resistance that characterize a person as a source of an electrostatic charge for automobile conditions. Figure 1 defines the model of capacitance and resistance network. The resistances are 330 Ohm or
11、 2000 Ohm. The capacitance is 150 pF for an occupant outside vehicle. The capacitance is 330 pF for an occupant inside vehicle. 3.3 DUT Device under test. 3.4 ESD SIMULATOR An instrument that simulates the human ESD model for vehicle occupants. Figure 1 - Human body model 4. TEST EQUIPMENT This sect
12、ion describes test equipment that is applicable to all parts of this procedure, including Appendix A. 4.1 An ESD simulator that simulates the Human Body ESD model having the following characteristics shall be used: a. Voltage Range - Variable from -25 to +25 kV b. Capacitance - 330 pF 10%, 150 pF 10
13、% c. Resistance - 330 Ohm 10%, 2000 Ohm 10% d. Risetime 1. Direct Contact: 0.7 to 1.0 ns (into a 2 Ohm load) 2. Air Discharge: less than 20 ns (into a 2 Ohm load) e. Tip - (see Figure 2) - IEC 61000-4-2 SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 3 of 13 NOTE 1: The discharge switch (e.g., vacuum relay s
14、hall be mounted as close as possible to the tip of the discharge electrode. Dimensions in millimeters Figure 2 - ESD Simulator discharge tip probes 4.2 The ESD simulator shall be designed so that the discharge capacitance is fully charged to the desired voltage before the energy can be switched to t
15、he device under test and shall not allow bleed-off prior to discharge. 4.3 Measurement Instrumentation Verification of the risetime for the ESD simulator requires an analog measurement device with a minimum effective single shot bandwidth of 1 GHz or a digital measurement device with a minimum sampl
16、ing rate of 4 Gigasamples per second and a single shot bandwidth of 1 GHz. The instrument shall have 50 Ohm input impedance. The use of a Faraday shield, to separate the target from the measurement instrumentation, is highly recommended. 4.4 Voltage Probe (Electrometer) The ESD simulator charging vo
17、ltage shall be verified using an electrometer (input resistance 100 G Ohm minimum). 5. TEST PROCEDURE 5.1 Record the pertinent test vehicle information or any specific test conditions in the test report. 5.2 Prior to performing the tests, a test plan shall be generated which shall include all the in
18、terface test points and respective test levels for each interface to be tested; the vehicle modes of operation such as drive/idle, cruise; and any special instructions and changes from the standard test. 5.2.1 The discharge points, at a minimum, shall include all accessible points, i.e., electrical
19、switches and controls that can be interfaced by an occupant within the passenger compartment. Also any knobs, levers, or handles which would be actuated in the normal operation of the vehicle should be included. 5.2.2 In a standard test sequence, the vehicles engine is to be running in idle mode. SA
20、E INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 4 of 13 5.2.3 Before the application of any discharges to the vehicle, the ESD Simulator Discharge Verification procedure of Appendix A shall be performed. 5.3 Test Environment 5.3.1 Temperature Range Maintain the ambient temperature during the test at 25 C 10 C.
21、 5.3.2 Relative Humidity The relative humidity between 20% and 60% (20 C and 30% relative humidity preferred). 5.4 ESD Operation Test Procedure WARNING: For the safety of lab personnel, live airbags shall be DISABLED (mechanics install INERT airbags instead) when performing the test. 5.4.1 The ESD t
22、est simulator ground wire shall be electrically connected to the vehicle body inside the passenger compartment (see Figure 3). The steel seat adjustment rail or chassis is recommended. Similar approach may be used for underhood and trunk Locations if required. DC resistance shall be less than 1 Ohm.
23、 Figure 3 - Vehicle ESD test setup 5.4.2 All discharge points that can be accessed from inside the vehicle shall be tested with the 330 pF 330 Ohm (prefer) or 2000 Ohm probe at 4, 8, and 15 kV. Only those discharge points that can be conveniently accessed when standing outside the vehicle (this in e
24、ffect lowers a persons capacitance) and reaching inside, such as the headlight switch or the ignition switch, shall be additionally tested with the 150 pF 330 Ohm (prefer) or 2000 Ohm probe at 25 kV. In this process, the ESD simulator shall be moved towards the discharge point as quickly as possible
25、 until either discharge occurs or the electrode touches the discharge point. NOTE: Should failures occur when testing with air method, re-check by pulling and releasing the gun trigger only when gun is moved at least 0.5 m away from the discharge point. This will avoid any failures due to the radiat
26、ed transient field induced by the gun relay. 5.4.3 Apply contact discharges to occupant entry or exit discharge locations, specifically the door handles, door window sills and a-pillars with the 330 pF 330 Ohm (prefer) or 2000 Ohm probe at 4, 8, 15 and 25 kV. SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 5
27、 of 13 5.4.4 Each discharge point shall be subjected to a minimum of ten (10) positive polarity and ten (10) negative polarity discharges at each voltage level. The time duration between discharges shall at least 1 s for conductive surfaces with a conductive path to vehicle ground and 5 s for noncon
28、ductive surfaces. If the material unknown, 5 s shall be used. Alternatively, the discharge points can be discharged by touching with a grounded resistor (approx. 1 megohm) in case of conductive surfaces or with a grounded brush or sheet in case of nonconductive surfaces. NOTE 1: At each voltage leve
29、l, the discharge may be tested first at a single polarity and then tested with the alternate polarity. NOTE 2: Multiple discharges to the same non-conductive area (e.g., radio bezel) may create a static charge where-upon subsequent full discharges are not possible (i.e., ESD simulator voltage is at
30、similar potential as test object). For those cases, neutralize the DUT static charge between discharges (e.g., air ionizer). NOTE 3: The connection of the simulator return cable to the Ground Reference and all bonding should be of low impedance. The discharge return cable of the simulator should be
31、positioned at least 0.5 m from the DUT while the discharge is being applied. This space will minimize the influence of radiation from this cable to the test results. 5.4.5 Record all deviations noted from normal vehicle operation (visible, audible, anomalies, etc.) in the test report. Various operat
32、ing systems such as heater controls, air conditioner controls, radio controls, and digital displays shall be exercised periodically during the test to demonstrate normal response. 5.5 Vehicle RF Impulse Test Vehicle Electronic Components may be affected by ESD events by two ways: 1. ESD directly dis
33、charges to DUT or its Interface 2. ESD discharges to vehicle body and is radiated out through vehicle structure or human body. Then RF noises may coupe to vehicle electronic system(s) and affect its normal operation. The RF Impulse Test is to simulate RF radiation through vehicle structure or human
34、body. This is intended to be performed in addition to the normal ESD test, which subjects electronic modules to direct ES discharges. Real life ESD radiation events can occur in many situations, such as when a charged passenger moves away from a seating surface and/or exits the vehicle. 5.5.1 Test E
35、nvironment 5.5.1.1 Temperature Range Maintain the ambient temperature during the test at 25 C 10 C. 5.5.1.2 Relative Humidity The relative humidity between 20% and 60% (20 C and 30% relative humidity preferred). 5.5.2 Equipment Setup for the ESD RF Impulse Test (example) Magnetic Field Adaptor: 15 c
36、m 1.0 cm diameter. The Figure 4 shows the adaptor manufactured from Noise Ken (03-00049A). A similar adaptor could be developed for other ESD simulators. SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 6 of 13 Figure 4 - An example of the magnetic field adaptor for rf impulse test 5.5.3 ESD Gun Setup Paramet
37、ers Dwell Time: Two (2) seconds (minimum) Number of Discharges: Five (5) at each location Network: 330 pF / 330 Ohm Polarity: Positive Mode: Contact Discharge Mode5.5.4 Verification Procedure The ESD simulator shall be verified using the Direct Contact verification procedure in Appendix A. After the
38、 verification, the Direct Contact Discharge Probe is replaced by the magnetic field adaptor (15 cm 1.0 cm diameter conductive loop). One end of the magnetic field adaptor is connected to the ESD simulator and another end of the magnetic field adaptor is connected to the EMC simulator ground point. 5
39、.5.5 ESD RF Radiated Impulse Test Procedure WARNING: For the safety of lab personnel, live airbags shall be DISABLED (mechanics install INERT airbags instead) when performing the test. 5.5.5.1 Requirement No effect to normal performance (Status I) of the DUT or vehicle E/E systems. Refer to Appendix
40、 B for the test level requirements. 5.5.5.2 ESD Gun Grounding The ESD Gun does not need to be grounded to vehicle for this test. SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 7 of 13 5.5.5.3 Procedure Place the Magnetic Field Adaptor in parallel to the test objects. Keep about 300 to 400 mm distance betwee
41、n the adaptor and the test object. Trig the ESD simulator for five (5) times at each location and observe the vehicle functional performance. The test locations shall be defined in the test plan (i.e., the driver entrance areas, cluster, radio, display, etc). 5.5.5.4 Test Report The test results sha
42、ll be written complete and legible. If any anomalies are observed during the test, the following information shall be included: 1. ESD Gun Adaptor position 2. Specific Anomalies 3. Humidity and Temperature *Photos may be taken to help documenting the test setup and ESD Guns positions.* 6. NOTES 6.1
43、Revision Indicator A change bar (I) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision o
44、f the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. PREPARED BY THE SAE EMI STANDARDS COMMITTEE SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 8 of 13 APPENDIX A - (NORMATIVE) ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE
45、SIMULATOR VERIFICATION PROCEDURE A.1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION This appendix defines a test method for verifying the operation of an ESD simulator that is used for testing automotive electronic modules and systems. Method A.2 is to be performed at least annually and the Method A.3 is to be perf
46、ormed before a test or at time intervals specified by the test facility or the customer. A.2 ESD SIMULATOR FULL VERIFICATION SETUP AND PROCEDURE This procedure shall be performed at least annually by the user and more frequently with heavy usage. A.2.1 The test setup shall be configured in accordanc
47、e with Figure A1. Figure A2 shows an equivalent schematic of the setup. Note that a 20 dB wideband (18 GHz) attenuator shall be required as shown in Figure A1 depending on the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope. NOTE: The use of a full faraday cage is allowed. 1Key: 1) Simulator power supply2)
48、 ESD Simulator3) Coaxial target4) Oscilloscope5) Ground strap6) Double shielded coaxial cable7) 20 dB attenuator (optional)8) Ground plane2345678Figure A1 - ESD simulator verification test setup configuration SAE INTERNATIONAL J551-15 SEP2015 Page 9 of 13 123450 Ohm2 OhmKey1 ESD simulator2 Coaxial t
49、arget3 20dB attenuator (optional)4 Oscilloscope inputFigure A2 - Equivalent schematic A.2.2 The ground plane shall be a conductive metallic sheet (i.e., copper, brass, or galvanized steel) with a minimum thickness of 1.0 mm and with an area of at least 1 m2. The ground plane shall be connected to the facility earth ground by a ground strap as short as possible. (Length less than 2 m sugges
