1、 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J885 FEB2011 Issued 1964-03 Stabilized 2011-02 Superseding J885 DEC2003 Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle Design _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical a
2、nd engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time
3、 it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, phot
4、ocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide
5、 feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J885_201102 RATIONALE The members of the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Steering Committee have reviewed J885 and made a conscientious decision to stabilize this Information Report. Extensive rese
6、arch in human tolerance has been conducted since J885 was last revised. Several published papers present Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) that are based on the current human tolerance data. The U.S. auto industry uses these values to assess the restraint performance of their vehicle design
7、s. The committee members see no value in writing a SAE document to summarize these IARVs since their bases are well documented in the literature. J885 has historical value since many of the early IARVs were established from the data it contains. STABILIZED NOTICE This document has been declared “Sta
8、bilized“ by the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Steering Committee and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist. Copyright SAE Internat
9、ional Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J885 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 2 of 49 ForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Scop
10、e . 21.1 Purpose 22. References . 22.1 Applicable Publications. 22.2 Other Publications 23. Definitions. 74. Introduction to Biomechanics . 104.1 Test Subjects 104.2 Application of Biomechanical Data. 104.3 Biomechanical Materials 115. Data 125.1 Fracture Loads for the Cranium 125.2 Brain Injury . 1
11、454.3 Strength of Facial Bones 195.4 Direct Impact to the Neck . 215.5 Neck Injury Due to Head Inertia Loading . 215.6 Neck Injury Due to Head Loading 275.7 Thorax 295.8 Abdomen 345.9 Lower Extremities. 386. Limitations of Section 4 Data for Automotive Test Use. 456.1 Requirements of an Occupant Sim
12、ulator 456.2 Calibration of Surrogates 466.3 Use of Surrogates in Automotive Testing 477. Notes 477.1 Marginal Indicia 47Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J885 Stabilized FEB2011 Pa
13、ge 3 of 49 1. ScopeThis report reviews current1quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommendingspecific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, inmany cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been report
14、ed. This reportconfines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data ofonly academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summaryof all available biomechanical data.Most of the data cited in this
15、 report applies to adult males since little information is available on women orchildren. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered in conjunction with the accompanyingdescriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight asto
16、their limitations.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this report is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing themwith quantitative data on the strength of the human body under impact loading conditions.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of t
17、he specification to the extent specifiedherein. 2.1.1 FMVSS PUBLICATIONAvailable from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9320.FMVSS 2082.2 Other Publications1. O. Messerer, “Elasticity and Strength of Human Bones.“ Stuttgart: Verla
18、g der J.G. CottaschenBuchhandlung 1880.2. V. R. Hodgson and L. M. Thomas, “Breaking Strength of the Human Skull vs. Impact SurfaceCurvature.“ DOT Contract No. DOT-HS-146-2-230, Nov. 1973, Report No. DOT HS-801 002.3. V. R. Hodgson, J. Brinn, L. M. Thomas, and S. W. Greenberg, “Fracture Behavior of t
19、he Skull FrontalBone Against Cylindrical Surfaces.“ Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 1718, 1970, AnnArbor, MI.4. A. M. Nahum, J. D. Gatts, C. W. Gadd, and J. Danforth, “Impact Tolerance of the Skull and Face.“ SAEPaper No. 680785, Twelfth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Oct. 2223, 1968; Detro
20、it, MI.5. D. C. Schneider and A. M. Nahum, “Impact Studies of Facial Bones and Skull.“ SAE Paper No.720965, Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 810, 1972; Detroit, MI.6. J. W. Melvin, P. M. Fuller, R. P. Daniel, and G. M. Pavliscak, “Human Head and Knee Tolerance toLocalized Impacts.“ SAE Pap
21、er No. 690477, presented at Chicago Mid-Year Meeting, May 1923,1969.7. A. H. S. Holbourne, “Mechanics of Head Injury.“ Lancet, Vol. 245, 1943, pp. 438441.8. E. S. Gurdjian, J. E. Webster, and H. R. Lissner, “Observations on the Mechanism of BrainConcussion, Contusion and Laceration.“ Surgery, Gyneco
22、logy, and Obstetrics, Vol. 101, 1955, pp.688890.9. A. K. Ommaya, A. E. Hirsch and J. L. Martinez. “The Role of Whiplash in Cerebral Concussion,“Proceedings of the Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York,1966.10. F. J. Unterharnscheidt, “Translational versus Rotati
23、onal Acceleration-Animal Experiments withMeasured Input.“ Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, New York, 1971, pp. 767770.1. As of December, 1981. It is expected that this information report will be updated periodically.Copyright SAE International
24、Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J885 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 4 of 49 11. T. A. Gennarelli, A. K. Ommaya, and L. E. Thibault, “Comparison of Translational and Rotational HeadMotions in Experimental Cerebral C
25、oncussions.“ Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car CrashConference, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, 1971.12. A. E. Hirsch, A. K. Ommaya, and R. H. Mahone, “Tolerance of Sub-Human Primate Brain to CerebralConcussion.“ Impact Injury and Crash Protection, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL
26、1970, pp.352369.13. H. R. Lissner, M. Lebow, and F. G. Evans, “Experimental Studies on the Relation between Accelerationand Intracranial Pressure Changes in Man.“ Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, Vol. III, 1960, pp.329338.14. E. S. Gurdjian and H. K. Schawan, “Management of Skull Fracture Involv
27、ing the Frontal Sinus.“ Annalsof Surgery, Vol. 95, 1932, pp. 2232.15. E. S. Gurdjian, H. R. Lissner, F. R. Latimer, B. F. Haddad, and Webster, “Quantitative Determination ofAcceleration and Intracranial Pressure in Experimental Head Injury.“ Neurology, June, 1953, Vol. 3,No. 6, pp. 417423.16. E. S.
28、Gurdjian, H. R. Lissner, F. G. Evans, L. M. Patrick, and W. G. Hardy, “Intracranial Pressure andAcceleration Accompanying Head Impacts in Human Cadavers.“ Surgery, Gynecology, andObstetrics, Vol. 113. 1961. pp. 185190.17. J. P. Stapp, “Tolerance to Abrupt Deceleration“ Agardograph No. 6, Collected P
29、apers on AviationMedicine, Butterworths Sci. Publ. London. 1955. pp. 122169.18. J. P. Stapp, “Human Tolerance to Severe, Abrupt Deceleration.“ Gravitational Stress in AerospaceMedicine, O. H. Gauer and G. D. Zuidema(Eds). Little, Brown, Boston, 1961, pp. 165188.19. L. M. Patrick, H. R. Lissner, and
30、E. S. Gurdjian, “Survival by Design-Head Protection.“ Proceedings ofSeventh Stapp Car Crash Conference, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL 1965.20. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 201, “Occupant Protectionin Interior Impact-Passenger Cars.“ U.S. Department o
31、f Transportation, Federal HighwayAdministration, National Highway Safety Bureau, Effective Jan. 1, 1968.21. K. Ono, A. Kikuchi, M. Nakamura, H. Kobayashi, and M. Nakamura, “Human Head Tolerance toSagittal Impact Reliable Estimation Deduced from Experimental Head Injury Using Sub-HumanPrimates and Hu
32、man Cadaver Skulls,“ 801303. Proceedings of Twenty-Fourth Stapp Car CrashConference, Troy, MI, October 1517, 1980.22. A. I. King, “Survey of the State of the Art of Human Biodynamic Response.“ Aircraft Crashworthiness,K. Saczalski, G. T. Singley III, W. D. Pilkey, and R. L. Huston(Eds.). University
33、Press of Virginia, 1975,pp. 83120.23. C. W. Gadd, “Criteria for Injury Potential. “Impact Acceleration Stress”, Publication 977, NAS-NRC,1962, pp. 141145.24. C. W. Gadd, “Use of a Weighted-Impulse Criterion for Estimating Injury Hazard.“ SAE Paper No.660793, Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference.25. C. W
34、. Gadd, “Tolerable Severity Index in Whole-Head, Nonmechanical Impact.“ Fifteenth Stapp CarCrash Conference Proceedings, Nov. 1719, 1971; Coronado, CA.26. National Federaton of State High Schools Association, Annual Studies of High School FootballFatalities, 19651976.27. J. Versace, “A Review of the
35、 Severity Index.“ SAE Paper No. 710881, Fifteenth Stapp Car CrashConference Proceedings, Nov. 1719, 1971; Coronado, CA.28. V. R. Hodgson and L. M. Thomas, “Effect of Long-Duration Impact on Head.“ SAE Paper No. 720956,Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 810, 1972, Detroit, MI.29. H. S. Chan,
36、“Mathematical Model for Closed Head Impact.“ Proceedings of the Eighteenth Stapp CarCrash Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, Dec., 1974.30. C. C. Ward and R. B. Thompson, “The Development of a Detailed Finite Element Brain Model.“Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, San Diego, CA, Nov.,
37、 1975.31. C. Ward, M. Chan, and A. Nahum, “Intracranial Pressure - A Brain Injury Criterion,“ SAE Paper No.801304. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Troy, MI, Oct., 1980.32. R. L. Stalnaker, V. L. Roberts, and J. H. McElhaney, “Side Impact Tolerance to Blunt Trauma.“ SAEPa
38、per No. 730979, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 1213, 1973;Oklahoma City, OK.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J885 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 5 of 49 3
39、3. C. Got, A Patel, A. Fayon, C. Tarriere and G. Walfisch, “Results of Experimental Head Impacts onCadavers: The Various Data Obtained and Their Relations to Some Measured Physical Parameters,“SAE Paper No. 780887. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference, Ann Arbor,MI, Oct., 1978
40、.34. J. W. Melvin, D. G. Robbins, and R. L. Stalnaker, “Biomechanics Pedestrian Impacts and Dummies,“Seminar No. 4, Sixth ESV Conference, 1979.35. A. Nahum, C. Ward, E. Raasch, S. Adams and D. Schneider, “Experimental Studies of Side Impact tothe Human Head,“ SAE Paper No. 801301. Proceedings of the
41、 Twenty-Fourth Stapp Car CrashConference, Troy, MI, Oct. 1980.36. A. M. Nahum, J. D. Gatts, C. W. Gadd, and J. Danforth, “Impact Tolerance of the Face and Skull.“ SAEPaper No. 680785, Proceedings of the Twelfth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Oct., 1968, Detroit, MI.37. V. R. Hodgson, “Tolerance of the
42、Facial Bones to Impact.“ American Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 120,(Jan., 1967).38. R. Daniel and L. Patrick, “Instrument Panel Impact Study.“ Proceedings of the Ninth Stapp Car CrashConference, Oct., 1965, University of Minnesota.39. J. W. Melvin, R. G. Snyder, L. W. Travis, and N. R. Olson, “Response
43、of Human Larynx to BluntLoading.“ SAE Paper No. 730967, Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 1213, 1973;Oklahoma City, OK.40. C. W. Gadd, C. C. Culver, and A. M. Nahum, “A Study of Responses and Tolerances of the Neck.“SAE Paper No. 710856, Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 1719, 19
44、71; Coronado, CA.41. B. A. Vazey and B. W. Holt, “In-Depth Analysis of Fatalities to Wearers of Seat Belts.“ Traffic AccidentResearch Unit, Department of Motor Transport, New South Wales, Australia, July, 1976.42. D. C. Viano “Thoracic Injury Potential.“ Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting
45、on the Simulationand Reconstruction of Impacts in Collision, IRCOBI, Sept. 1213, 1978, Bron, France.43. J. P. Stapp, “Voluntary Human Tolerance Levels.“ Impact Injury and Crash Protection, edited byGurdjian, Lange, Patrick and Thomas. Published by Charles C. Thomas, 1970.44. H. J. Mertz and C. W. Ga
46、dd, “Thoracic Tolerance to Whole-Body Deceleration.“ SAE Paper No.710852, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Nov. 1719, 1971; Coronado, CA.45. D. C. Viano, R. M. Schreck, and J. D. States, “Dive Impact Tests and Medical Aspects of a 70 Year OldStunt Diver.“ Nineteenth Conferenc
47、e of the American Association for Automotive Medicine: Nov. 2022, 1975; San Diego, CA.46. D. H. Robbins, J. W. Melvin, and R. L. Stalnaker, “The Prediction of Thoracic Impact Injuries.“Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Oct. 1820, 1976; Dearborn, MI.47. J. W. Melvin, D. H. Robbins, R. L. Stalnake
48、r, “Side Impact Response and Injury.“ Report on the SixthInternational Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oct. 1215, 1976, NHTSA,Washington, D.C.48. R. H. Eppinger, “Prediction of Thoracic Injury Using Measurable Experimental Parameters.“ Report onthe Sixth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Sponsored by theUnited States Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1215, 1976.49. J. Y. Foret-Bruno, F. Hartemann, C. Thomas, A. Fayon, C. Tarriere, C. Got, and A. Patel, “CorrelationBetween Thoracic Lesions and Force Values Measured a
