1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1994 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTJ940REV.OCT94Issued 1965-11Revised 1994-10Superseding J
4、940 DEC88GLOSSARY OF CARBON STEEL SHEET AND STRIP TERMSForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeThis glossary is intended to provide engineers, metallurgists, and production personnel with uniformdefinitions of commonly used
5、carbon sheet and strip terms. The glossary serves to supplement informationand photographs reported in SAE J810, J763, J877, J863, and J403.Many of the terms listed apply only to hot-dipped zinc-coated products or to uncoated products. The letter Cfollowing the term identifies a term applying to coa
6、ted materials, while the letters NC identify a term applying touncoated materials. Where no identification is provided, the term is common to both.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of S
7、AE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J403Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon SteelsSAE J415Definitions of Heat Treating TermsSAE J448Surface TextureSAE J450Use of Terms Yield Strength and Yield PointSAE J763Aging
8、of Carbon Steel Sheet and StripSAE J810Classification of Common Imperfections in Sheet SteelSAE J863Methods of Determining Plastic Deformation in Sheet Metal StampingsSAE J877Properties of Low Carbon Sheet Steel and Their Relationship to Formability3. Definitions3.1 AgingA term applied to changes in
9、 physical and mechanical properties of low carbon steel that occur withthe passage of time. (See SAE J763.)3.2 Annealing Border (NC)See Oxidized Surface. (See also SAE J810).3.3 Annealing Stain (NC)A discoloration on annealed material which may occur anywhere on the sheet(usually lighter than anneal
10、ing border). It results from residue, or oxidation, during annealing.SAE J940 Revised OCT94-2-3.4 Arc (C)A narrow curved pencil-like line in the coating running transversely approximately 2 in from eachedge of the strip.3.5 Bake Hardenable SteelsThose steels that increase in strength while undergoin
11、g a paint-baking cycle.3.6 Band MarkAn indentation caused by the packaging band resulting from external pressure on cut lengths orcoils and may occur in handling, transit, and storing.3.7 Batch AnnealingSee Box Annealing.3.8 Beads (C)Small lumps in the coating surface. Particles of dross picked up i
12、n the coating or iron oxideparticles embedded in the strip surface from the furnace hearth rolls. Also referred to as dross.3.9 Black Spots (NC)Carbonaceous deposits caused by tightly wound areas in a coil not being exposed to thecirculating gases during open coil type annealing. This condition is a
13、ggravated by poor strip shape.3.10 BlankA flat piece of sheet steel produced in blanking dies or by shearing for an identified part. The blank isusually subjected to further press operations.3.11 BlankingCutting desired shapes out of flat sheet.3.12 BlisterA small raised area on the surface resultin
14、g from the expansion of gas concentrated at asubsurface inclusion or other imperfection. May occur as isolated spots, but often found in longitudinal streaks.3.13 Box AnnealingThe process of softening steel by heating coils or stacks of sheets slowly in a closedcontainer, through which, in most case
15、s, a controlled atmosphere is circulated to prevent oxidation during theheating and cooling cycle. The time required may vary from one to several days. (See SAE J415.)3.14 BreaksCreases or ridges usually in “untempered“ or in aged material where the yield point has beenexceeded. Depending on the ori
16、gin of the break, it might be termed a crossbreak, a coil break, an edge break,a sticker break, etc. (See SAE J810.)3.15 Bright Annealing (NC)Annealing in a protective atmosphere to prevent discoloration of the surface.3.16 Bright Finish (NC)A high-quality finish produced on sheets by rolls which ha
17、ve been ground and polished.Suitable for electroplating.3.17 BucklesA series of waves in sheets which are ordinarily transverse to the direction of rolling. (See SAEJ810.) In formed panels, “excess metal“ in the form of wrinkles, kinks, or folds.3.18 Buildup (C)Localized lineal areas showing a diffe
18、rence in cross-sectional contour during coiling. Usuallyoccurs on the edges of the strip.3.19 CamberDeviation from a straight edge, usually referring to the greatest deviation of the concave side edge ofa sheet or strip from a straight line.3.20 Capped SteelThis is a type of steel with characteristi
19、cs similar to those of rimmed steels, but to a degreeintermediate between those of rimmed and semikilled steels. It can be either mechanically capped orchemically capped when the ingot is cast, but in either case the full rimming action is stopped, resulting in amore uniform composition than rimmed
20、steel.3.21 Carbon Edge (NC)Carbonaceous deposits in a wavy pattern along the edges or coil. (See also SnakyEdges.)SAE J940 Revised OCT94-3-3.22 ChatterA series of lines uniformly spaced appearing transverse to the rolling direction usually resulting frommaterial being rolled on units having loose be
21、arings. Results in a slight thickness variation where lines appear.3.23 Checked EdgesSawtooth edges seen after hot rolling and/or cold rollling. (See also Ragged Edge in SAEJ810.)3.24 Coil BreaksCreases or ridges which appear as parallel lines across the direction of rolling and whichgenerally exten
22、d across the width of the sheet. (See SAE J810.)3.25 Coil WeldA joint between two lengths of metal within a coil. (See SAE J810.)3.26 Cold-Rolled Sheets (NC)A product produced form a hot-rolled pickled oil which has been given substantialcold reduction at room temperature. The resulting product usua
23、lly requires further processing to make itsuitable for most common applications. The usual end product is characterized by improved surface, greateruniformity in thickness, and improved mechanical properties compared to hot-rolled sheet.3.27 Continuous AnnealingThe process of passing a strand or she
24、et through a controlled atmosphere furnacethat has both heating and cooling zones. Temperatures, line speeds, and cooling rates are varied to obtain thedesired properties for the type of steel being heat treated. The time required for continuous annealing does notusually exceed a few minutes.3.28 Co
25、ntinuous CastingThis is a casting technique in which a cast shape is continuously withdrawn from amold as it solidifies so that the length is independent of mold dimensions. The rapid solidification inherent inthis process minimizes chemical segregation of the product.3.29 CorrugationsTransverse rip
26、ples caused by a variation in strip shape during hot or cold reduction.3.30 Cross BreaksSee Coil Breaks.3.31 Curtains (C)An uneven pattern of the coating resulting from run-back of the applied material. Also calledflowlines.3.32 Cut EdgeA mechanically sheared edge obtained by slitting, shearing, or
27、blanking.3.33 Deep DrawingAn extreme condition of drawing. The term “deep drawing is commonly used to describemetal stamping operations which are a combination of drawing and severe stretching.3.34 Developed BlankSee Finished Blank.3.35 Differential Coating (C)A coated product that has different coa
28、ting masses and/or different coatingcompositions on the two surfaces of the steel substrate.3.36 DimpleA defect resulting from foreign matter being mechanically impressed into the sheet surface.3.37 DingsAccidental impact damage, similar in appearance to dimples.3.38 DrawabilityThe ability of the sh
29、eet steel to be formed or drawn into the intended end product withoutfracturing.3.39 DrawingThe shaping of a flat blank into the desired contour by causing the metal to flow over a draw ringand round a punch. The flow of metal is restrained by sufficient blank holder pressure to prevent buckling.SAE
30、 J940 Revised OCT94-4-3.40 Drawing Lubricant (Drawing Compound)A substance applied to minimize metal-to-metal contact betweenthe sheet metal and the die. Proper application of the proper lubricant can improve flow characteristics of themetal and prevent scoring, galling, and pickup on the dies or pa
31、rt.3.41 Dross (C)The scum that develops in a molten galvanizing pot.3.42 DuctilityThe ability of a metal to be deformed plastically without fracturing. (See Formability.)3.43 “E” FinishThis designation indicates that the material is to be used for an exposed part requiring a goodpainted surface. (Se
32、e SAE J403.)3.44 Earing (Scalloping)The formation of scallops (ears or marked unevenness) around the top edge of a drawncup caused by differences in the directional properties of the sheet metal used.3.45 Edge Break (Side Strain)See Edge Strain. (See also SAE J810.)3.46 Edge StrainTransverse strain
33、lines or Lders Lines ranging from 1 to 12 inches in from the edges of thesheet. (See SAE J810.)3.47 Electrogalvanizing (C)The electroplating of zinc or zinc alloys upon iron or steel.3.48 End MarkA roll mark caused by the end of a sheet marking the roll during hot- or cold-rolling.3.49 Entry Mark (E
34、xit Mark)A slight corrugation caused by the entry or exit rolls of a roller leveling unit.3.50 Finished Blank (Developed Blank)A blank that requires little or no trimming after being formed.3.51 Flex RollThe movable jump roll designed to push up against the sheet as it passes through the roller leve
35、r.The roll can be adjusted to produce varying amounts of deflection of the sheet up to the diameter of the roll.3.52 Flex RollingPassing sheets through a flex roll unit to minimize yield point elongation so as to reduce thetendency for stretcher strains to appear in forming.3.53 FloppersLines or rid
36、ges which are transverse to the direction of rolling and generally confined to the sectionmidway between the edges of the coil as rolled. They are somewhat irregular and tend toward a flat arc shape.(See SAE J810.)3.54 Flowlines (C)An uneven pattern of the coating resulting from run-back of the appl
37、ied material. Also calledcurtains.3.55 FlutingA series of sharp parallel kinks or creases occurring in the arc when sheet steel is rolled formed intoa cylindrical shape. (See SAE J810.)3.56 FormabilityThe degree to which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation. (See Ductility.)3.57 Forming
38、The shaping of sheet metal by bending, uniaxial stretching, biaxial stretching, compression, or by acombination thereof.3.58 Friction Gouges or ScratchesA series of relatively short scratches variable in form or severity. (See SAEJ810.)3.59 Full CenterA “fullness“ in the center portion of the sheet
39、or strip.SAE J940 Revised OCT94-5-3.60 GallingScratches caused by localized cold welding of particles to the tool during the forming operation.3.61 Galvannealed Coating (C)Galvannealed sheets are hot-dipped zinc-coated sheets which have beenprocessed to produce a zinc-iron alloy coating. This produc
40、t does not have a spangle and is suitable forpainting after cleaning. The alloy produced lacks ductility and powdering of the coating can occur duringforming.3.62 Ghost Lines (NC) (Ghost Welt Lines)Lines running parallel to the rolling direction that appear in a panelwhen it is stretched. These line
41、s may not be evident unless panel has been sanded or painted. (Not to beconfused with leveler lines.)3.63 Handling BreaksIrregular breaks caused by improper handling of sheets during processing. These breaksresult from the bending or sagging of the sheets while being handled.3.64 Healed Over Scratch
42、 (NC)A scratch that occurred in an earlier mill operation and was partially masked insubsequent rolling. It may open up during forming. (See SAE J810.)3.65 Hot-RolledHot-rolled sheets are those that are reduced to required thickness at temperatures at which scaleis formed and, therefore, carry hot m
43、ill oxide.3.66 Hot-Rolled, PickledThe hot-rolled product which has been pickled to remove the hot-mill oxide.3.67 Impact or Recoil LineThe line on a drawn panel where a change in thickness occurs. Caused by: (a) thetransfer of the panel from the die to the punch; (b) the reaction from the blank bein
44、g pulled sharply through thedraw ring (recoil); (c) the impact of the punch contacting the blank.3.68 InclusionsNonmetallic materials in a solid metallic matrix.3.69 IroningThinning the walls of deep-drawn articles by reducing the clearance between punch and die.3.70 Killed SteelSteel deoxidized wit
45、h certain deoxidizing elements, such as aluminum, silicon, etc. The term“killed“ is used because such additions cause the steel to lie quietly in the mold during solidification. (See SAEJ877.)3.71 LaminationsDefects aligned parallel to the worked surface of the sheet resulting from the presence ofin
46、clusions. (See SAE J810.)3.72 Loose MetalRefers to an area in a formed panel that is not stiff enough to hold its shape, may be confusedwith Oil Canning.3.73 Lders LinesSee Stretcher Strains.3.74 Luster Finish (NC)A finish produced on ground rolls suitable for decorative painting and plating withadd
47、itional surface preparation after forming.3.75 Matte FinishThe texture produced on sheets by rolls which have been finished to various degrees ofroughness depending upon the end use.3.76 Mechanical PropertiesThe properties of a material that reveal its elastic and plastic behavior when force isappli
48、ed, for example, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, hardness, etc.3.77 Mill EdgeThe normal edge produced in hot rolling. This edge is customarily removed when hot-rolledsheets are further processed into cold-rolled sheets.SAE J940 Revised OCT94-6-3.78 Minimized Spangle (C)Minimized spang
49、le galvanized sheet has very small spangles which are obtained bytreating the galvanized sheet during the solidification of the zinc to restrict the normal zinc spangle formation.3.79 NeckingReducing the thickness of a sheet in a localized area by stretching.3.80 NormalizingHeating steel to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in airto a temperature substantially below the transformation range. (See SAE J415.)3.81 OffalThe material trimmed from blanks or formed p
