1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
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3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1966 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National Stand
4、ardJ965ISSUEDAUG66Issued 1966-08ABRASIVE WEARForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. ScopeAn enormous economic loss, as well as a waste of natural resources, is incurred world-wide as aresult of wear of components and tools. Any
5、effort expended in an attempt to reduce this loss is indeedworthwhile. The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to present the current state of knowledge ofabrasive wear. This report, therefore, covers wear, or the undesired removal of metal by mechanical action,caused by abrasive particles in
6、contact with the surface. It does not concern metal-to-metal wear or wear inthe presence of an abrasive free lubricant.Abrasive wear occurs when hard particles, such as rocks, sand, or fragments of certain hard metals, slide orroll under pressure across a surface. This action tends to cut grooves ac
7、ross the metal surface, much like acutting tool.Abrasive wear is of considerable importance in any part moving in relation to an abrasive. Tools in contact withthe ground, such as plows, cultivators, scraper and bulldozer blades, are intended to operate in abrasives.Machines for processing ores such
8、 as crushers and for grinding of natural minerals such as ball mills are alsosubjected to abrasive wear. Contact with abrasives by many other machinery components may not be anormal circumstance, but, since it may inadvertently occur, must be considered.Increased hardness usually increases wear resi
9、stance but also increases brittleness, which can cause fractureof the tool in rocky soils. Thus, the selection of a suitable material for use in a variety of abrasive conditions isnecessarily a compromise between wear and brittle fracture resistance.This report presents present day information on th
10、e fundamentals, testing methods and specific solutions forabrasive wear problems. The limited information reflects the current lack of knowledge on this subject.However, it is a starting point. Further work is necessary to develop general design information.Abrasive WearThe removal of material from
11、a surface by mechanical action of abrasive (hard) particles incontact with the surface.ClassificationsThe following are arbitrary classifications of abrasive wear based on observedconditions(1):11. Numbers in parentheses designate Referencessee Section 2.1, Applicable Publications.SAE J965 Issued AU
12、G66-2-Gouging AbrasionThe result of this type of abrasive wear is the removal of large particles from a metalsurface. Worn surfaces show heavy gouges.High Stress Grinding AbrasionThis type of abrasive wear occurs during the progressive fragmentation orgrinding of the abrasive which was initially of
13、small size and takes place on the surfaces employed to grind theabrasive. The wear is believed to be caused by concentrated compressive stress at the point of abrasivecontact and to result from plastic flowing and fatiguing of ductile constituents and cracking of hard constituentsof the metal surfac
14、e. The use of the words “high stress“ in this classification is intended to imply that thecrushing strength of the abrasive is exceeded.Low Stress Scratching Abrasion or ErosionThe result of this type of abrasive wear is scratching of themetal surface, and the scratches are usually minute. The stres
15、s imposed on the abrasive particle does notexceed the crushing strength of the abrasive.2. References2.1 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.1. M. Spindel, “A New Method of Testing Railroad Materials fo
16、r Wear Resistance.“ Brutcher Trans. No.1662, Trans. from Zeitschrift VDI, Vol. 66 (1922), p. 10711072.2. M. Suzuki, “An Investigation of Abrasion in Carbon Steels,“ ASME Mechanical Engineers Journal. Vol.30, (December 1927), p. 559626.3. J. M. Blake, “Wear Testing of Various Types of Steel,“ Proc. A
17、.S.T.M. Vol. 28, Part II, (1928), p. 341355.4. J. M. Blake, W. H. Parker, J. H. Hall, and H. J. French, “Wear Testing of Various Metals,“ Iron Age, Vol.122, (July 17, 1928), p. 141142.5. H. J. French, “Abrasion Testing,“ Metallurgist (Supp. to Engineer.), (March 30, 1928), p. 45.6. M. Finck, “Wear O
18、xidation, a New Component of Wear“, Trans. A.S.M., Vol. 18, (1930), p. 10261034.7. T. Klingenstein, “Influence of Structure and Composition of Cast Iron on Abrasive Strength with SpecialRegard for Phosphorus Content,“ Mitteilungen aus den Ferschungsanstalten, Vol. 1, (Sept. 1930), p.1824.8. S. J. Ro
19、senberg, “The Resistance of Steels to Abrasion by Sand,“ U.S. Bureau of StandardsResearch, Vol. 5, No. 3, (Sept 1930), p. 533574.9. L. Jordon, “Wear of Metals,“ Mechanical Engineer, Vol. 53, (Sept. 1931), p. 644650.10. S. A. Main, “Resistance to Abrasion in Relation to Hardness,“ Inst. of Mechanical
20、 Engineers, Proc.,Vol. 121, (1931), p. 523532.11. S. J. Rosenberg and H. K. Herchmen, “Wear of Metals,“ Metals and Alloys, V.2, (Feb. 1931), p. 5256.12. S. J. Rosenberg, “How Carbon Content and Heat Treatment Can Affect Wear Resistance,“ Iron Age,Vol. 128, (Nov. 26, 1931), p. 13661367.13. S. Saito,
21、“Study of Abrasion,“ Tahoku Imperial University Science Reports, Vol. 20, (October 1931), p.560573. (In English).14. H. W. Swift, “Some Tests of Inter-Metallic Abrasions,“ Engineering, Vol. 131, (June 19, 1931), p. 783785.15. C. R. Weiss, “Relative Wear of Metals Due to Abrasion,“ Iron Age, Vol. 129
22、, (May 1932), p. 11661167and 1180.16. R. J. Piersol, “Measurement of Abrasive Hardness of Metallic Surfaces,“ Metal Cleaning and Finishing,Vol. 5, (August 1933), p. 321325.17. J. S. Vanick, “An Improved Nickel-Chromium Hardened Chilled Cast Iron,“ Trans. A.I.M.E., Vol. 105,Iron and Steel Div., (1933
23、), p. 5376.18. O. W. Ellis, J.RR. Gordon, and G. S. Farnham, “Wear Resistance of White Cast Iron,“ Foundry TradeJ., Vol. 53, (December 19, 1935), p. 449452.19. A. Kissock, “A Wear Resistant Steel,“ Climax Molybdenum Co., N.Y.C.SAE J965 Issued AUG66-3-20. A. H. Dieker and J. O. Everhart, “Wearing Pro
24、perties of Some Metals in Clay Plant Operation,“ OhioState U. of Engineering Exp. St. Bull., No. 97, (November 1937).21. O. W. Ellis, “Wear Tests on Ferrous Alloys“, Foundry Trade J., Vol. 57, (July 8, 1937), p. 2326 and 29.22. H. W. Gillett, “Considerations Involved in the Wear Testing of Metals,“
25、A.S.T.M. Paper, fromSymposium of Wear of Metals, Phil., 1937.23. P. S. Lane, “Some Experiences With Wear Testing“, A.F.S. Preprint No. 37-1, 1937.24. “Symposium of Wear of Metals“, published by the A.S.T.M., Phila., Pa., 1937.25. W. L. Howes, “Considerations of Mill Liners,“ A.I.M.E. T.P. 1795, Mini
26、ng Techn., March 1945.26. C. E. Berry, “Wear-Resistance Tests on Domestic Materials for Pebble-Mill Linings,“ A.I.M.E. T.P. 1948,Mining Techn., March 1946.27. Garms and Stevens, “Ball Wear and Functioning of the Ball Load in a Finegrinding Ball Mill“, A.I.M.E.T.P. 1984, Mining Techn., March 1946.28.
27、 Southmayd, “Installation and Performance of Sand Pumps“, A.I.M.E. T.P. 1978, Mining Techn., March1946.29. H. S. Avery, “Hard Surfacing by Fusion Welding,“ American Brake Shoe Co., New York, 1947.30. “Field Experience with Abrasion,“ Mining and Metallurgy, October 1948, p. 559562.31. R. D. Haworth,
28、Jr., “Effect of Welding Practice on Abrasion Resistance of Hard Facings“, Iron Age, Vol.162, (October 17, 1948), p. 8387.32. “Wear of Metals“, chapter in A.S.M. Metals Handbook, 1948 ed., p. 216222.33. H. S. Avery, “Austenitic Manganese Steel,“ American Brake Shoe Co., New York City, 1949.34. H. S.
29、Avery, “The Metallurgical Background for Welding Austenitic Manganese Steel,“ American BrakeShoe Co., New York City, 1949.35. H. S. Avery, “Discussion of Abrasion Resistance of Metals,“ Trans. A.S.M., Vol. 41, (1949), p. 854860.36. P. Grodzinski and W. R. J. Jacobson, “Apparatus for Testing the Wear
30、 and Abrasion Resistance ofHard Materials,“ British Patent BP 665, 429, (Nov. 28, 1949).37. T. E. Norman and C. M. Loeb, Jr., “Wear Tests on Grinding Balls,“ Trans. A.I.M.E. (MineralBeneficiation Div.) Vol. 183, (1949), p. 330360.38. Abrasion Resistant High Chromium Iron, booklet by Electro Metallur
31、gical Division of Union Carbideand Carbon Corp., 1950.39. H. S. Avery, “Hot Hardness of Hard Facing Alloys“, Welding Journal, Vol. 29, 1950, p. 552578.40. F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor, “The Friction and Lubrication of Solids,“ Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950.41. J. T. Burwell, Jr., ed., “Mechanical Wear,
32、“ A.S.M., Cleveland, 1950.42. T. A. Jagger, “Abrasion Hardness,“ Hawaiian Volcano Research Assn., Honolulu, T. H. (5th SpecialReport, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and U.S. Geological Survey.) 1950.43. E. N. Maslov, “Friction Coefficient in Sliding and Scratching (Abrasion) of Metals,“ Zhurn Tekhn Fi
33、z,Vol. 20, (July, 1950), p. 888891.44. N. G. Neuweiler, “The Phenomenon of Wear; A Practical Device for Testing Abrasion,“ Microtechnic,(English Ed.), Vol. 4, (Sept.-Oct. 1950), p. 283287.45. D. E. Nordquist and J. E. Moeller, “Relative Wear Rates of Various Diameter Grinding Balls inProduction Mill
34、s,“ Trans, A.I.M.E., V. 177, 1950, p. 712714 (Mining Engineering, Vol. 187, 1950, p.714-714).46. M. Riddigough, “Hardfacing v. Abrasion,“ Welding, Vol. 18. (March 1950), p. 109111.47. H. W. Wagner, “New Concepts of Abrasive Properties as Affecting Grinding Performance“, MechanicalEngineering, Vol. 7
35、2, (1950), p. 225226.48. “Varying Hardness of Ore Slows Carbide Drilling,“ Anon., Engrg. and Mining J., Vol. 152 (8), (August1951), p. 73.49. H. L. Alling, “Abrasion of 9 Minerals of Sand Size in Ball Mills“, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 249 (8), (August1951), p. 569590.50. H. S. Avery, “Hard Facing Alloys
36、 for Steel Mill Use,“ Iron and Steel Engr., V. XXVIII(IX), (1951), p. 81106.51. H. S. Avery, “Some Characteristics of Composite Tungsten Carbide Weld Deposits“, Welding Journal,Vol. 30 (2), (February 1951), p. 88160.52. J. T. Burwell, “Wear Tests and Service Performance,“ from A.S.M. Interpretation
37、of Tests andCorrelation with Service, (1951), p. 88140.SAE J965 Issued AUG66-4-53. P. Dinechert, “Abrasion and Polishing, Friction and Wear,“ Microtechnic (English Ed.), Vol. 5, (Sept-Oct. 1951), p. 225232.54. J. Mackenzie, “The Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Bricks,“ Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., Vo
38、l. 50 (4),(April, 1951), p. 145174.55. J. C. Outwater and M. C. Shaw, “Surface Temperatures in Grinding,“ A.S.M.E. Paper No. 51-SA-10(June 1951).56. L. P. Tarasov, “Grindability of Tool Steels,“ A.S.M. Trans., Vol. 43, 1951, p. 11441168.57. H. S. Avery, “Hard Facing for Impact,“ Welding J. Vol. 31 (
39、2), (1952), p. 116143.58. H. S. Avery, “Selecting Hard Facing Materials to Resist Impact, Heat, Friction, Abrasion,“ ProductEngineering, Vol. 23, (March 1952), p. 154159.59. H. S. Avery and H. J. Cahpin, “Hard Facing Alloys of the Chromium Carbide Type,“ Welding J., Vol. 31(10), (1952), p. 917930.60
40、. G. E. Dunlap and J. A. Fellows, “Ferrous Castings for Abrasion Resistance,“ American Brake ShoeCo., 1952.61. R. P. Agarwala and H. Wilman, “Deformation of Iron Crystals by Unidirectional Abrasion,“ J.I.S.I., Vol.179, (1955), p. 124131.62. R. E. Blair, “Physical Properties of Mine Rock, Part III,“
41、U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 5130, June 1955;“Part I“, by Windes, S.L., R.I. 4459, March, 1949; “Part II“, by Windes, S.L., R.I. 4727, September1950.63. T. W. Norman, “Wear Resistant Steel Castings for the Mining Industry,“ Climax Molybdenum Co., NewYork City.64. W. A. Stauffer, “Wear of Metals by
42、Sand Erosion“, Metal Progress, Vol. 69, (January 1956), p. 102107.65. “White Iron with Molybdenum Has improved Wear Resistance,“ Materials in Design Engineering, Vol.46 (August 1957), p. 144145.66. C. M. Allen, “Alleviating Abrasive Wear in Ceramic Industry Handling Equipment,“ Wear, Vol 1,(December
43、, 1957) p. 232238.67. J. Dearden and J. D. Swindale, “Effect of Alternate Corrosion and Abrasion on Some Ferrous Metals,“J.I.S.I., Vol. 185 (February 1957), p. 227234.68. F. T. Barwell, “Wear of Metals,“ Wear, Vol., 1, (February, 1958), p. 317332.69. C. Lipson and L. V. Colwell, ed., “Engineering Ap
44、proach to Surface Damage,“ U. of Michigan SummerConference Course, 1958.70. T. E. Norman, “Factors Influencing the Resistance of Steel Castings to High Stress Abrasion,“ A.F.S.Trans., Vol. 66, (1958), p. 187196.71. L. Roseanu and B. Preotescu, “A Qualitative Separation of Wear Factors,“ Engineers Di
45、gest, Vol. 19,(March 1958) p. 102105.72. R. Davies, “Friction and Wear,“ Elseview Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Holland, 1959. 73. H. R. Letner, “Stress Effects of Abrasive Tumbling“, Trans. A.S.M., Vol. 51, (1959), p. 402420.74. P. M. Lvov, “Calculation of Resistance to Abrasive Wear,“ Russian Enginee
46、ring J. (July 1959), p. 3235. (Translation PERA).75. T. E. Norman, A. Solomon and D. V. Doane, “Martensitic White Irons for Abrasion-Resistant Castings,“Trans. A.F.S., Vol. 67, (1959), p. 242256.76. R. B. Whitelaw, “Ni-Hard v. Abrasion,“ Inst. of Br. Foundrymen, Australian Branch (Victoria),Conventi
47、on Proc., Vol. 10 (1959), p. 5775.77. “Fretting Corrosion and Abrasive Wear,“ Report of the Director, National Engineering Laboratory,(1959), p. 1213.78. “Amsco Manganese Steel (Wear and Abrasion Resisting Steel),“ Alloy Digest SA 105, (October, 1960).79. “New Wear Resistant Steel is Easy to Heat Tr
48、eat,“ Steel, Vol. 146, (January 18, 1960), p. 100101.80. D. R. Miller, “Some Recent Developments in Friction and Abrasion,“ Australian Inst. of Metals J., Vol. 6,(November 1961), p. 263269.81. Selwood, A., “The Abrasion of Materials by Carborundum Paper,“ Wear, Vol. 4, (July and August1961), p. 3113
49、18.82. D. G. Sopwith, L. Grunberg and K. H. R. Wright, “Studies of Abrasive Wear Resistance,“ Engineering,Vol. 191, (April 14, 1961), p. 546547.SAE J965 Issued AUG66-5-83. “The Selection of Steel for Wear Resistance,“ A.S.M. Metals Handbook, 8th ed., 1961, p. 244257.84. H. T. Angus, “The Use of Cast Iron Under Conditions of Abrasive, Dry and Lubricated Wear,“ BCIRAJournal, Vol. 10, No. 1, (1962), p. 80103.85. R. T. Spurr and T. P. Newcomb, “The Friction and Wear of Various Materials Sliding AgainstUnlubricated Surfaces of Dif
