1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2828_201004SURFACEVEHICLEINFORMATIONREPORTJ2828 APR2010 Issued 2010-04 Off-Road Tire Fire Hand
5、ling Guidelines RATIONALE Proper handling of off-road machine tire fires and the accompanying possibility of a tire fire/explosion is critical to the safety of personnel, equipment, site location, and the environment. This SAE information report provides guidelines to address off-road tire fire hand
6、ling and prevention. FOREWORD Off-road machine tire fires have been ignited due to machine faults or abnormal operation, poor maintenance practices, and adverse work site conditions. These fires have resulted in personnel injury, damage to equipment and the environment and disruption of operations.
7、This information report provides guidelines to help prevent tire fires, provide guidance for immediate action by equipment operators and subsequently for firefighting personnel. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 21.1 Purpose . 22. REFERENCES 22.1 Applicable Publications . 22.1.1 SAE Publications . 22.2 Rel
8、ated Publications . 22.2.1 International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) Publication 22.2.2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publications . 32.2.3 Department of Industry and Resources Publication . 33. DEFINITIONS . 33.1 Surface Tire Fire . 33.2 Internal Tire Fire 33.3 Auto-Igni
9、tion 33.4 Incomplete Products of Combustion . 34. CAUSES OF TIRE FIRES AND RELATED EXPLOSIONS 35. TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES 45.1 Written Procedures . 45.2 Machine Operator . 45.3 Supervisor . 55.4 Rescue Vehicle Driver . 5Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo
10、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2828 Issued APR2010 Page 2 of 75.5 Fire/Water Truck Operator 55.6 Emergency Responders 66. POST TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES . 67. WAYS TO PREVENT TIRE FIRES . 78. NOTES 78.1 Marginal Indicia . 71. SCOPE This SAE Informational report app
11、lies to tires used on off-road, rubber-tired work machines as identified in SAE J1116. This SAE document provides general guidelines for proper handling of potential and actual off-road tire fires and possible related explosions. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this SAE document is to provide guidelines
12、for construction, mining, and industrial operations in the development of site specific plans to reduce the risk of injury to personnel and/or loss of equipment as a result of a tire fireor related explosion. Tires with a diameter code of 20 or larger present a greater hazard. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Appl
13、icable Publications The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, T
14、el: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J751 Off-Road Tire and Rim ClassificationConstruction Machines SAE J1098 Ton Kilometer Per Hour Application SAE J1116 Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines SAE J1315 Off-Road Tire and Rim Selection
15、and Application SAE J1337 Off-Road Maintenance Procedures and Service Precautions 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes and are not a required part of this document. 2.2.1 International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) Publication Availabl
16、e from International Fire Service Training Association, 930 N. Willis, Stillwater, OK 74078, Tel: 800-654-4055, www.ifsta.org.Essentials of Fire Fighting Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,
17、-,-SAE J2828 Issued APR2010 Page 3 of 72.2.2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publications Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, www.nfpa.org.NFPA 600 Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades NFPA 1001 Standard for
18、Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health 2.2.3 Government of Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum Publication Available from Department of Mines and Petroleum, Mineral House, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, Western Aus
19、tralia 6004, Tel: +61-8-9222-3229, www.dmp.wa.gov.au.2005, Tyre Safety, Fires and ExplosionsGuideline: Safety and Health Division, Department of Industry and Resources, Western Australia, 12 pp. 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Surface Tire Fire Surface combustion of tire tread or sidewall area normally due to an
20、 outside heat source. 3.2 Internal Tire Fire Internal combustion of tire liner and associated components. Internal tire fires can be undetectable. Furthermore, accumulations of incomplete products of combustion (flammable gases) within the tire can create a significant explosion hazard. 3.3 Auto-Ign
21、ition The ignition of a material without the application of an external spark or flame. Auto-ignition can occur either when a combustible material comes in contact with a sufficiently hot surface, or when the material can undergo a self heating process or reaction. For both scenarios, oxygen or anot
22、her oxidizer must be available to support combustion (a.k.a. spontaneous ignition). 3.4 Incomplete Products of Combustion The products of combustion typically produced by burning rubber that are themselves ignitable under certain conditions. These products typically include many different hydrocarbo
23、n gases and carbon monoxide. 4. CAUSES OF TIRE FIRES AND RELATED EXPLOSIONS WARNING: ANY TIRE, RIM, OR WHEEL THAT HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A FIRE, EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES FROM A TORCH, BRAKE FIRE, ETC., OR THAT HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A LIGHTNING STRIKE OR CONTACT WITH HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS SHOULD BE
24、CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS. STAY AT LEAST 300 M AWAY FROM THE TIRE FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS. MUCH GREATER DISTANCES MAY BE NEEDED TO ENSURE PERSONNEL SAFETY IF THE TIRE EXPLODES. ALLOW AS MUCH DISTANCE AS PRACTICAL. KEEP THE BODY OF THE MACHINE BETWEEN YOU AND THE TIRE FIRE. 4.1 Contact with overhead power l
25、ines, power cables. 4.2 Lightning strikes. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2828 Issued APR2010 Page 4 of 74.3 Overheated brakes or brake fires. 4.4 Welding on a rim with a tire m
26、ounted should never be allowed. WARNING: ANY INADVERTENT OR INTENTIONAL APPLICATION OF HEAT FROM A WELDING DEVICE OR OPEN FLAME TO AN ASSEMBLED TIRE AND RIM, WHETHER INFLATED OR NOT, CAN CREATE AN UNDETECTABLE INTERNAL TIRE FIRE. THIS SITUATION CONSTITUTES A “POSSIBLE“ TIRE FIRE CONDITION AND THE OF
27、F-ROAD TIRE FIRE HANDLING GUIDELINES OUTLINED HEREIN SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY INVOKED. 4.5 Machine fires. 4.6 Tire heat separations. 4.7 Severe under inflation. 4.8 Foreign material in the tire. 4.9 Contact with external heat sources; e.g. hot slag, etc. 5. TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES The development and use
28、of the following procedures is highly recommended in the event of a possible or actual tire fire. Where a public fire department or private fire brigade may respond to machine/tire fires at the property, a copy of this standard should be made available to all such responders prior to any emergency.
29、These procedures can provide these organizations with important information crucial to effective preplanning. WARNING: A TIRE CAN EXPLODE ANYTIME DURING OR AFTER A TIRE FIRE. (EXPLOSIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED UP TO EIGHT HOURS AFTER A TIRE FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED.) 5.1 Written Procedures Each off-ro
30、ad tire user should develop a site specific written plan that clearly outlines the procedures to be taken in the event of a tire fire. It may be appropriate for smaller operations/owner-operators to develop a less formal plan or rely solely on training. This plan should clearly define the roles of e
31、ach involved/responsible person including the machine operator, the operators supervisor, the various levels of management, and support personnel. The procedures should cover the operation of specific equipment (such as the operation of tires in steel mills where hot slag is present) and be updated
32、as work site conditions change; e.g., changes of work site layout, types of machines, types of tires, fire fighting equipment, and personnel. 5.2 Machine Operator Upon becoming aware of a possible or actual fire, the operator should: 5.2.1 Bring the machine to a safe and controlled stop, lower all a
33、ttachments, shut down the machine, and set the parking brake. 5.2.2 Follow fire emergency procedures such as actuating the machine mounted fire suppression system, if available. 5.2.3 Evacuate the machine, doing so on the opposite side of the machine from the tire fire if possible. Retreat to a dist
34、ance not less than 300 m away from the machine. Much greater distances may be needed to ensure personnel safety if the tire explodes. Allow as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between you and the tire fire. 5.2.4 Warn others in the vicinity of the fire, do not block haul road
35、s unless trained and properly equipped to do so, and wait for emergency personnel to arrive. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2828 Issued APR2010 Page 5 of 75.2.5 No attempt by th
36、e operator or anyone else should be made to extinguish the tire fire with a hand-held extinguisher. 5.2.6 Notify “Dispatch“, shift supervisor, or other appropriate personnel of the emergency, the operators name, and the operators plan to react to the emergency as instructed by supervision. See 5.3.2
37、. 5.3 Supervisor 5.3.1 Emergency equipment to fight a tire fire should be readily available to emergency response personnel and be maintained.5.3.2 Upon notification of a possible or actual tire fire, the supervisor should immediately direct the affected machines operator on what emergency procedure
38、s to take. 5.3.3 Contact appropriate emergency personnel and direct the nearest fire/water truck to the fire. 5.3.4 Establish adequate road blocks for the area at a minimum distance of 300 m from the machine. Much greater distances may be needed to ensure personnel safety if the tire explodes. Allow
39、 as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between you and the tire fire. Prohibit all but essential personnel access to the area. 5.3.5 Using the fire/water truck, assume control of fire fighting or cool down operations. 5.3.6 If required, dispatch another machine (if possible, of
40、 the same size and type) to the emergency area to serve as an operator rescue machine. (This procedure primarily applies to haul trucks). 5.3.7 Insure that the fire is completely extinguished. A remote sensing device may be able to accomplish this. WARNING: INTERNAL TIRE FIRES CAN BE UNDETECTABLE. 5
41、.3.8 Insure that no personnel approach the machine for at least 24 hours after the fire is believed to have been extinguished. If a fire is suspected, wait an additional 24 hours. 5.3.9 Gather all information necessary to complete a thorough report including, but not limited to, causes of the fire,
42、actions taken to combat the fire, suggested actions to prevent a re-occurrence, etc. 5.4 Rescue Vehicle Driver 5.4.1 See 5.3.6. If the operator of the truck on fire is unable to safely evacuate the machine and rescue by a second machine (if possible, of the same size and type as the affected machine
43、) is necessary, the rescue machine operator should proceed to the truck on fire as directed by a supervisor. This procedure primarily applies to haul trucks. 5.4.2 At the direction of the supervisor, the rescue machine should approach the machine from the front or side opposite the fire. 5.4.3 If re
44、quired, assist the affected machine operator into the rescue vehicle and evacuate the area. Move at least 300 m away from the truck on fire. Much greater distances may be needed to ensure personnel safety if the tire explodes. Allow as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between
45、 you and the tire fire. 5.5 Fire/Water Truck Operator 5.5.1 See 5.3.4. As directed by a supervisor, proceed to the site of the fire. Back the fire/water truck toward the affected tire keeping the body of the fire/water truck between the affected machine and the cab of the fire/water truck. Copyright
46、 SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2828 Issued APR2010 Page 6 of 75.5.2 Thoroughly douse the affected tire with water. Other effective fire retardants (such as foam) can also be used and can
47、 be more effective than water. 5.5.3 After the machine operator has been removed and the tire fire extinguished, the machine should be isolated for a distance of at least 300 m and remain parked for not less than 24 hours before being approached by any personnel. Insure that the fire is completely e
48、xtinguished. A remote sensing device may be able to accomplish this. WARNING: INTERNAL TIRE FIRES CAN BE UNDETECTABLE. 5.6 Emergency Responders 5.6.1 See 5.3.4. As directed by a supervisor, proceed to the site of the fire. 5.6.2 Burning tires, or burning machines with tires, should be fought from a maximum distance using apparatus-mounted or portable master stream appliances. 5.6.3 Close approach to such fires should not be made with hand-held hose lines unless it is to affect a rescue. Even in such cases, the benefits of a rescue must be weighed against the potential dangers to rescue per
