1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2018 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/J2964_201801 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J2964 JAN2018 Issued 2018-01 Low Speed Contin
5、uous Slip SAE No. 2 PVT Procedure RATIONALE This recommended practice addresses the need for a standardized test procedure to evaluate the friction characteristics of a clutch system operating at low pressures and speeds. 1. SCOPE This SAE document is intended as the definition of a standard test, w
6、hich may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 friction test is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluid c
7、ombinations. The specific purpose of this document is to define a PVT test for the evaluation of the variation of wet friction system low speed slip characteristics as a function of speed, temperature, and pressure. This procedure is intended as a suggested method for both suppliers and end users. T
8、he only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: Friction material Fluid Reaction plates Oil flow (optional) These four variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this do
9、cument are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as being obtained using this document. This procedure is intended to evaluate ramped speed friction characteristics, also called sweeps, and can be used to demonstrate capacity changes
10、that occur between the different levels of slip speed, applied pressure, and fluid temperature. The level of coefficient of friction, as well as the trends in torque capacity with speed, can be used to compare candidate materials or fluids. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 2 of 21 Figure 1 - Tes
11、t events Table 1 - Clutch data Parameter Symbol Unit Value Lining Outside Diameter OD m 0.1460 Lining Inside Diameter ID m 0.1205 Lining Mean Diameter Dm m 0.13325 Lining Mean Radius re m 0.066625 Surface Area Ag m 0.00534 Number of Friction Surfaces nf # 2 Area of Standard Piston Ap m 0.0151 Assume
12、d Friction Coefficient 0.13 Table 2 - Applied pressure Parameter Formula Symbol Unit A B C D Applied Air Pressure Pp kPa 175 355 708 885 Axial Load PpAp FA N 2643 5361 10691 13364 Specific Gross (Lining) Pressure FA/ Ag Pg MPa 0.50 1.00 2.00 2.50 Engagement Torque nfFAre Nm 45.9 93.1 185.8 232.2 SAE
13、 INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 3 of 21 Table 3 - Speed conversion for Dm=0.13325 m Test Phase r/min m/s Static 4.3 0.030 Continuous Slip Step 43 0.300 Speed Ramp 258 1.800 Break-in 86 0.600 Reference 300 2.093 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this s
14、pecification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside
15、 USA), www.sae.org. SAE J286 SAE No. 2 Clutch Friction Test Machine Guidelines SAE J1646 Glossary of Terms - Lubricated Friction Systems SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine PVT Test Morgan, C., Fewkes, R., McCombs, T., Tersigni, S. et al., “Low-Speed Carbon Fiber Torque Capacity and Frictional
16、 Properties Test for ATFs,“ SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-3026, 2004, https:/doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-3026. 2.1.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. Society of Automotive Engineer of Japan
17、(JSAE) JASO M349-2010 Test method for anti-shudder performance of automatic transmission fluids. 3. TEST EQUIPMENT 3.1 Test Machine An SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine with low speed (300 r/min) drive or other test machine having adequate capabilities. Because machine design characteristics can have
18、a significant effect on test results, users are advised to use caution when comparing results obtained on machines of different design. The standard test will be SAE No. 2 machine or equivalent with 190 mm standard test head, piston area of 0.0151 m2. If a nonstandard SAE No. 2 machine is used, the
19、type shall be noted in the test report. 3.2 Data Acquisition At not less than 1000 samples per second and storage system with at least six channels with response as follows: a. Torque Channel, Bandwidth 500 Hz, Accuracy shall be within 0.5 % full range b. Apply Pressure Channel, Bandwidth 500 Hz, Ac
20、curacy shall be within 0.5 % full range c. Speed Channel, Bandwidth 500 Hz, Accuracy shall be within 0.1 % full range d. Test Fluid Temperature Channel, Bandwidth 3 Hz, Accuracy shall be within 1% full range SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 4 of 21 e. Front Reaction Plate Temperature Channel. Ba
21、ndwidth-3 Hz. Accuracy shall be within 1% full range f. Rear Reaction Plate Temperature Channel. Bandwidth-3 Hz. Accuracy shall be within 1% full range For digital data systems the data is to be recorded at a minimum of 1000 samples per second per channel using a 15 ms time constant RC filter. 3.3 T
22、est Fluid System Fixed fill 700 ml by filling oil up to the reservoir, or as appropriate for the machine being used. On machines so-equipped, fluid flow systems are permissible. The actual fluid volume and any flow system used shall be noted in the test report. Reference will be run at 1 L/min. Exte
23、rnal Flow (reference figure 7C in SAE J1646), this represents the configuration wherein an external pump supplies fluid at a specific flow rate through a line to the centerline of the shaft. A flow-meter shall be installed on the line to the cover to measure the flow supplied to the head. The reserv
24、oir is optional as a drain can be directly connected on the bottom of the test head, 5,6, or 7 oclock position. 3.4 Adapters and Reaction Plates Adapters for an SAE 2 friction test machine including reaction plates, hub, retainer, and pressure plates and spacers are all described in Appendix A of SA
25、E J2490. Other machines would use adapters suited to that machine. 3.5 Test Parts The required parts are SAE No. 2 Friction Plate with core as item 6 of SAE J2490, Appendix A) and the mating steel reaction plate also known as separator plate as item 5 of SAE J2190, Appendix A. The coining side, roun
26、ded edge due to the stamping process, of the front and rear steel plates shall face the front of the test head, see Figure B3 in Appendix B. 3.6 Apply Piston A silicon compound seal is recommended for use with this high temperature fluid. 4. OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TEST PARAMETERS The procedure con
27、ditions as described in Figures 1 and 2, are run twice with a break-in procedure between the two evaluations. Temperature stabilization cycles are run between ramps to allow the bulk fluid and parts to regain temperature equilibrium. Fluid temperature for the second evaluation, ABI (after Break-in)
28、is run from high to low temperature. The sweeps are repeated 3 times in order to improve repeatability. Fluid temperature is the sump temperature measured at 7 oclock with the sump thermocouple. A thermocouple is inserted in middle of the reaction plate and position in the middle point between 2 tab
29、s, (see Appendix B, Figure 2B). SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 5 of 21 Figure 2 - Test profile 4.1 Temperature Stabilization Heat the sump to the target specification (40, 80, or 120 C) Maintain for 1 minute after attaining target temperature 3 C. Speed 100 r/min Surface pressure: 0 MPa, (clut
30、ch open) 4.2 Continuous Slip Change the rotational speed to 0.3 m/s (43 1 r/min per Table 3) Stabilize the speed during 1 second Apply clutch with surface pressure: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 MPa, 3% MPa Duration 3 seconds 0.05 seconds speed step Ramp rate to achieve pressure 0.2 to 0.25 seconds Data re
31、cording: 1000 Hz SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 6 of 21 4.3 Ramp Cycles Three consecutive sweeps which start after temperature stabilization. Initial/Final motor speed: 0 m/s Maximum part velocity: 1.80 m/s 0.05 m/s (258 r/min for plates per Table 3) Ramp up time: 20 seconds 0.5 seconds Dwell
32、(Hold) time: 5 seconds 0.5 seconds Ramp down time: 20 seconds 0.5 seconds Surface pressure (gross): 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 MPa 3% MPa Data recording 100 Hz 4.4 Static Cycles This cycle should start immediately after the 3rdsweep event with no temperature stabilization Static Motor speed: 0.03 m/s (4
33、.3 0.1 r/min for plates per Table 3) Apply time: 5 seconds Data recording 1000 Hz 4.5 Break-In The break-in procedure is three 10-minute cycles of 1 N/mm2surface pressure, 120 C fluid temperature, at 0.60 m/s sliding speed, (86 r/min for plate per Table 1). Each of the three break-in runs is followe
34、d by one minute of release. Data recording 10 Hz 4.6 Pack Clearance 0.75 mm 0.15 mm 5. GENERAL TEST INFORMATION 5.1 Clean Prior to each test the fixture and test cavity must be cleaned thoroughly and rinsed with solvent. 5.2 Inspect Inspect rotating shaft seals for deterioration and replace if neces
35、sary. If the seal is replaced, also replace the non-rotating lip seals on the apply piston. 5.3 Soak Soak friction element in the test fluid for at least 10 minutes at room temperature. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 7 of 21 5.4 Install Clutch Pack and check clearance per 4.6. 5.5 Add fluid. 5
36、.6 Start test. 5.7 Follow test summary schematic as in Figures 1 and 2 and Tables 1 through 3. 5.8 Coefficient Calculations Coefficient calculations are made per SAE J1646. 6. DATA REPORTING 6.1 Data Tables The data are reported for BBI, (before break-in) and ABI, (after break-in). The sweep data wi
37、ll be reported in function of time. It will include the traces for: Torque Speed Sump temperature Reaction Plate temperature (front and rear steel) Since there are 12 sweeps BBI and 12 ABI, only the high temperature, 120 C, ABI plots are needed. See Appendix A. Actual traces of the three repeats sho
38、uld be provided. 6.2 Data Analysis for Ramps, (based on JASO M349:2010) For the ramp down, the equation showing -v characteristic shall be obtained from a 5 polynomial obtained by fitting the data of each sweeps using the least square method. The data should be sampled at 100 Hz starting at 0.1 m/s
39、to maximum speed. Approximate -v characteristic: The is approximated as: = av5 + bv4+ cv3+ dv2 + ev + f (Eq. 1) where v is the velocity and a, b, c, d, e and f the coefficient of the polynomial and is unitless. The slope is d dv = 5av4 + 4bv3+ 3cv2 + 2dv + e (Eq. 2) The -v characteristics are plotte
40、d for each temperature for the 4 pressures ABI using the approximate expression. Values for and d/dv shall be reported for 0.3 and 0.9 m/s in Table 4. The d/dv shall be multiplied by 1000 and reported to the first decimal (Table 5). d dv *1000 unit is s/m. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 8 of 2
41、1 Figure 3 - Example -v plot Figure 4 - Example d/dv plot Table 4 - Report table sweep data (ramp down) coefficient of friction Pressure 0.5 MPa 1.0 MPa 2.0 MPa 2.5 MPa Speed Temp 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s BBI 40C 80C 120C ABI 120C 80C 40C 0.1340.1360.1380.140.1
42、420.1440.1460.1480.150.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8coef of frictionVelocity (m/s)ABI sweep 40C0.5 MPa 1.0MPa 2.0 MPa 2.5 MPa-200204060800.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8ddv*1000 (s/m)Velocity (m/s)ABI sweep 40C0.5 MPa 1.0MPa
43、2.0 MPa 2.5 MPaSAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 9 of 21 Table 5 - Report table sweep data d/dv (ramp down) slope * 1000 Pressure 0.5 MPa 1.0 MPa 2.0 MPa 2.5 MPa Speed Temp 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s 0.3 m/s 0.9 m/s BBI 40C 80C 120C ABI 120C 80C 40C Per customer request, Upwa
44、rd ramp data may be required (optional) Tabular data for the -v sweep may be required Overlay of actual coefficient of friction with the polynomial curves, may be required 6.3 Surface Condition of Friction Plate At the end of the test, the steel plates and friction plates should be inspected. Any ab
45、normalities as hot spot or cracks on the steel plate, heavy glazing, loss of material, heavy wear for the friction plates must be reported. 6.4 Continuous Slip Data Report at 2.9 seconds (2.9 is the average of over 17 ms centered at 2.9 seconds) for each temperature and pressure (see Table 6) to the
46、 third decimal. 6.5 Static Data Report peak static measurement s4.3 as average over 3 ms around the maximum of after speed reach 0.03 m/s, (draging), and Torque, 5 Nm. Report static t4.3, average of 7 ms starting after 2 seconds from the draging start (5 Nm), see Figure 5. These static coefficients
47、are reported for each pressure and each temperature, (see Table 6), to the third decimal. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 10 of 21 Figure 5 - Example of static trace Table 6 - Continuous slip and static report table Pressure 0.5 MPa 1.0 MPa 2.0 MPa 2.5 MPa Coefficient Temp 2.9 s t 2.9 s t 2.9 s
48、 t 2.9 s t BBI 40C 80C 120C ABI 120C 80C 40C 00.020.040.060.080.10.120.140.1601020304050607080901001101201301401501601700 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500r/minandTorque(Nm)Time (ms)Torque speed s4.3t4.3=5 NmSAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 11 of 21 APPENDIX A - REPORT PLOT EXAMPLES SAE INTERNATIONAL J2964 JAN2018 Page 12 of 21 APPENDIX B - THERMOCOUPLE INSTALLATION ON SAE PLATE The thermocouple, TC, for sump temperature is inserted in t
