1、 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J2974 APR2015 Issued 2015-04 Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery Recycling RATIONALE Battery Recycling is an integral part of the lifecycle management of vehicles. Currently there is a lack of recommended practices and standards for automotive batte
2、ry recycling. Materials contained within batteries may be regulated as hazardous. Proper recycling will minimize/eliminate the need for disposal of spent batteries. Recycling can provide market stabilization by returning critical materials back into the manufacturing process and reducing dependence
3、on primary sources. This SAE Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery Recycling will provide a compilation of recycling methodologies and current practices for the automotive, battery and recycling industry. This will aide in determining recycling routes and methods available for new batte
4、ry technologies. 1. SCOPE This SAE Technical Information Report provides information on Automotive Battery Recycling. This document provides a compilation of current recycling definitions, technologies and flow sheets and their application to different battery chemistries. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Related
5、Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. European Union Battery Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and repealing D
6、irective 91/157/EEC US EPA (2014) Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles (Report # EPA 744-R-12-001). Retrieved from http:/www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/lbnp/final-li-ion-battery-lca-report.pdf Sullivan, J.L. Gaines, L. (2010) A Revi
7、ew of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: State of Knowledge and Critical Needs (ANL/ESD/10-7). Retrieved from http:/www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/B/644.PDF U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.“ (2012). National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012. Retrieved from https:/www.lcacommons.gov/nrel/search ECAR -
8、 Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Guide v3, 2012. Retrieved from http:/www.ecarcenter.org/ USABC - 2014 Recommended Practice for Recycling of xEV Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems (2014) Town Center Drive Suite 300, Southfield, MI 48075 Accessed June 24th, 2014: http:/www.uscar.org/guest/teams/68/USA
9、BC-Battery-Recycling-Group _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent
10、 infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights
11、reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and
12、Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2974_201504 SAE INTERNATIONAL J2974 Issued APR2015 Pa
13、ge 2 of 9 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. J2984 Identification of Transportation Battery Systems for Recycling Recommended Practice J2950
14、Recommended Practices for shipping transport and handling of automotive type battery systems Lithium Ion J2936 SAE Electrical Energy Storage Device Labeling Recommended Practice J2344 Guidelines for Electric Vehicle Safety J1766 Recommended Practice for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery S
15、ystems Crash Integrity Testing 3. SAE J1715/2 - BATTERY TERMINOLOGY DEFINITIONS 3.1 TERMS 3.1.1 Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) - Any energy storage system that has the capability to be charged and discharged. (Examples: batteries, capacitors, and electro-mechanical flywheels). SAE J1715/2
16、 3.1.2 Hazardous Waste Disposal - Disposal of a battery at end of life in a regulated facility 3.1.3 Energy Recovery - Recovery of energy from materials contained within a product i.e. Waste to Energy 3.1.4 Recycling - Recovery of materials contained in the battery 3.1.5 Direct Recycling - Recycling
17、 of materials contained in the battery for functional reuse with minimal processing 3.1.6 Salvage - Removal and recovery of a battery(s) from vehicle 3.1.7 Collection - Gathering of batteries in a central location prior to shipment to a recycling facility 3.1.8 High Voltage - Above 60 DCV (SAE Doc.
18、J2344) when high voltage PPE becomes required (ISO6469) 4. DOCUMENT CONTENT 4.1 Initial pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and physical separation. Additional processing or mixing of the flow sheets is common as the main focus on battery recycling has traditionally been metals recovery. With advances i
19、n technology additional materials in batteries have been recycled including electrolyte and casing materials. Specifics of process and chemistry will vary on a case by case basis but this is to outline some of the general process streams and by products. Busbars / High Voltage Cables Busbars / High
20、Voltage Cables Terminals Contactors Output Terminals Controller Harness SAE INTERNATIONAL J2974 Issued APR2015 Page 6 of 9 4.6.1 Pyrometallurgical Processing Pyrometallurgical processing involves a thermal or high temperature process in which metals are reduced back to a base metallic state. The oxi
21、dation potential of the metals typically determine which metals report to the melt and which report to the slag, this can be controlled through the atmosphere present in the smelter. Any remaining organic components are burned for energy recovery. Waste and byproducts can include: drosses, slags, so
22、ot and other emissions, as well as high quality heat. These facilities benefit greatly from economies of scale. Capital cost and permitting burden are high. This type of process has been applied to lead acid, NiCd, NiMH and Li-Ion. Scrapped MaterialMaterial PreparationSortingSize ReductionBatchingPe
23、lletizingSmeltingRefiningAir QualitySlagsCastProductHeatNatural Gas or Electric600-3000FWaste HeatFigure 2 - Pyrometallurgical processing SAE INTERNATIONAL J2974 Issued APR2015 Page 7 of 9 4.6.2 Hydrometallurgical Processing Hydrometallurgical Processing uses aqueous chemicals, acids, bases or other
24、 lixiviants to leach the material. This is usually followed by species separation and purification processes. The materials are then precipitated as hydroxides / salts or electrorefined for reuse as metal. Byproducts include: leach residue, waste water that requires further treatment, and sludges fr
25、om waste water treatment. Hydroxide and salts are often reprocessed in pyrometallurgical facilities to produce metals. Capital cost is comparable to pyrometallurgy, and permitting burden is reagent specific. This type of process has been applied to lead acid, NiCd, NiMH and Li-Ion. Scrapped Material
26、Material PreparationSortingSize ReductionBatchingPelletizingFilterLeachConcentrate and PrecipitateProductFilter 2Macro StreamReagentWaste WaterWater TreatmentFigure 3 - Hydrometallurgical processing SAE INTERNATIONAL J2974 Issued APR2015 Page 8 of 9 4.6.3 Direct Recycling Process Direct Recycling ut
27、ilizes specific unit operations to separate the different materials based on physical properties, such as size, density, color, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and surface chemistry. This process usually involves size reduction followed by separation into concentrates that may be reused direct
28、ly. Byproducts are process dependent generally dust and particulate emissions maybe a concern. Capital cost is low compared to other processes, permitting is process specific. This type of process has been applied to lead acid polypropylene cases and metallic cases from zinc/carbon. Scrapped Materia
29、lMaterial PreparationSortingSize ReductionBatchingPelletizingSeparation Process 1Separation Process 2Separation Process 3WasteFiltrationDistillationMineral DressingElectrostaticProduct 3Product 2Product 1OEM/CustomerFigure 4 - Direct recycling processing SAE INTERNATIONAL J2974 Issued APR2015 Page 9
30、 of 9 4.7 Lifecycle Assessment Many lifecycle assessments have been performed comparing different battery technologies. The results of this work is a summary of the environmental impacts to enable decisions on how to minimize the net environmental impact across the product stream under study. Determ
31、ine material composition of battery(ies) 4.7.1 For each material, document production processes from acquisition of raw material in ground until it is ready to be incorporated into a battery. Ideally, documentation should include quantitative accounting of materials and energy in and out, including
32、wastes and effluents, illustrated by flow charts. 4.7.2 Document battery production processes, up to installation in a vehicle. 4.7.3 Similarly, document battery recycling processes. Identify products and wastes. Document products in terms of purity and utility for feeding back into battery producti
33、on at a specified stage, or into another process. 4.7.4 Flag any potentially significant environmental impacts or material supply implications. The Argonne National Labs report prepared by Sullivan, J.L. Gaines, L. (2010) is a very comprehensive study that covers most battery types. The EPA Report #
34、 744-R-12-001 focuses specifically on lithium ion battery chemistry types. 4.8 Design for Recycle Recyclability must be considered early in the products engineering design/development process, to enhance the systems recyclability at the end of the batteries useful life. USABC Battery Recycling Worki
35、ng Group developed Recycling Design Guidelines to support this early design consideration. The guidelines provide recommendations to improve removability and access to the battery components. It is important that the battery components are easily separable into recycling streams (e.g. plastics, meta
36、ls, battery active materials, etc.). Additionally, the number of differing types of fastener sizes and plastic types should be minimized. Chemical adhesion such as epoxy, glues, and potting should be avoided, however when adhesives are necessary, non-thermosets should be used. The complete design fo
37、r recycling guidelines is available online at http:/www.uscar.org/guest/teams/68/USABC-Battery-Recycling-Group. 5. NOTES 5.1 Marginal Indicia A change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been m
38、ade to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. PREPARED BY THE SAE BATTERY STANDARDS RECYCLING COMMITTEE
