1、 _ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSX EOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWKHVWDWHRIWHFKQLFDO and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, LVWKHVROHUHVS
2、RQVLELOLWRIWKHXVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
3、, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776
4、-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J3071_201604 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J APR2016 Issued 2016-04 Automotive Battery Recycling Identif
5、ication and Cross Contamination Prevention RATIONALE Automotive manufacturers and other industries are increasingly reliant on energy storage technologies other than lead acid batteries. The introduction of these other energy storage technologies into the existing used lead acid battery (ULAB) waste
6、 and recycling stream presents challenges to recyclers that will require development of universal mechanisms for sorting the different technologies to prevent safety and environmental hazards, cross contamination, regulatory noncompliance, and negative economic impact to manufacturers and recyclers.
7、 To complicate the situation, some of these batteries may be packaged in similar or identical form factors and may even contain multiple technologies/chemistries within a single package. It is also recognised that batteries entering the waste stream may be partly dismantled or whole, presenting the
8、recycler with a wide variety of forms of battery casings, parts, and combinations of chemistries. Methods developed for addressing these issues will also need to consider legacy energy storage systems that may end up in the waste and recycling stream. 1. SCOPE This SAE Battery Identification and Cro
9、ss Contamination Prevention document is intended to provide information that may be applicable to all types of Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) devices. It is important to develop a system that can facilitate sorting by chemistry. The recycler is interested in the chemistry of the RESS. Thi
10、s is true for the recyclers of Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Nickel Cadmium etc. Thus recyclers of RESS will receive RESS from automotive, commercial, and industrial applications. These RESS have the potential to be contaminated with a RESS of an incompatible chemistry. It is recognized that mitigation me
11、thods to reduce or eliminate the introduction of incompatible chemistries into a given recycling stream would also benefit safety and the environment. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide both a background and comprehensive summary of the various facets of automotive recycling iden
12、tification and cross-contamination prevention. It serves as a repository of information, and a useful guide to any future decisions taken by the industry. It does not advocate a specific solution, but strives to inform. The information herein is to aid in the development of a solution that could be
13、applied to energy storage systems. Motive power, stationary, and SLI type batteries are thought to have the highest risk of being intermixed. Other battery systems such as non-rechargeable batteries and batteries contained in electronics are not considered in the development of this document. This d
14、ocument considers identification of legacy RESS as well as future systems to eliminate cross-contamination of recycling streams. In order to address energy storage system segregation, identification of the system and subcomponent chemistry is critical for both currently existing and future systems.
15、In order to be effective, the identification system must be universally applied WRDOO5(66VLQDVDIHFRVWHIIHFWLY e manner. SAE INTERNATIONAL - APR2016 Page 2 of 11 A common approach to chemistry identification is needed and must be agreed upon by the battery manufacturers to reduce the contamination ri
16、sk during battery recycling operations on a global level. Agreed upon concensus of identification technology and tools must also be applicable throughout the life cycle, to reduce costs and risk. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to t
17、he extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.or
18、g. SAE J2936 SAE Electrical Energy Storage Device Labeling Recommended Practice SAE J1715/2 Battery Terminology SAE J2950 Recommended Practices (RP) for Shipping Transport and Handling of Automotive-Type Battery System - Lithium Ion SAE J2984 Identification of Transportation Battery Systems for Recy
19、cling Recommended Practice 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. /HLE5/HDG6PHOWHU6RUWLQJSUHVHQWHGDW7KH%DWWHU6KRZ86$6HSW 3HOOHWLHU with relatively few incidents seen in 2010, 2 incidents
20、 reported, compared to 18 incidents in 2013. Detailed information on the incidents was provided by respondents, stating in most cases, fires were initially seen. These fires produced significant smoke production, and in many cases could be put out. Sometimes explosion occurred from these incidences.
21、 All companies indicated they have techniques to differentiate between batteries entering the recycling site, with most using visual identification and CCTV monitoring. In addition, most companies provided photographs and real examples of batteries to assist workers in differentiating among batterie
22、s. Companies reported that they were aware of more advanced technologies such as density and x-ray analysis, radio-frequency identification (RFID) and sonic evaluation, but these techniques were not currently in use by any respondents. 70 of the companies reported adding techniques to differentiate
23、among batteries as a result of incidents involving Li-ion batteries. These included: x More visual inspections x Inspections at numerous stages once batteries arrive on site x Increased training x Photographs and example batteries shown to workers x Sharing of information with other smelters and sit
24、es x Checking and more information on companies delivering batteries x Developing improved handing techniques SAE INTERNATIONAL - APR2016 Page 5 of 11 65% of companies had also added safety procedures as a result of incidents involving Li-ion batteries. These included: x Increased training for worke
25、rs x Additional safety information and highlighting issue of Li-ion batteries in ULAB to workers x Warning signs on site x Barriers and guards to areas where shredding, breaking and milling are undertaken x Protective material on doors and buildings x Educating suppliers of risk with li-ion batterie
26、s in ULAB All respondents felt that preventing Li-ion batteries from entering ULAB was an extremely important issue. Some suggestions for further work included: color coding of battery casings, additional labelling, streamlining the sorting process, and more advanced sorting techniques and safety pr
27、ocedures. 4.1.3 EU Battery Directive - 2006/66/EU Labelling requirements that apply to batteries x Crossed-out wheeled bin applies to all batteries (Article 21(1). x Chemical symbols (Hg, Cd, Pb) apply to batteries that contain more than a given quantity of these metals (0.0005% mercury, 0.002% cadm
28、ium and 0. 004% lead) (Article 21(3). x A capacity label must be placed on all portable (rechargeable and non-rechargeable) and automotive batteries and accumulators (Article 21(2). For portable rechargeable and automotive batteries this has been done with Commission Regulation 2010/1103/EU establis
29、hing rules regarding capacity labelling of portable secondary (rechargeable) and automotive batteries and accumulators. How should batteries be marked with a chemical symbol? x All batteries, accumulators and battery packs must be labelled with the crossed-out wheeled bin (Article 21(1), which indic
30、ates that batteries should not be thrown away with other waste they should be collected separately. In addition, batteries, accumulators and button cells which contain more than the above-mentioned amounts of mercury, cadmium or lead must be labelled with a chemical symbol (Hg, Cd or Pb). In other w
31、ords, the chemical symbol always accompanies the crossed-out wheeled bin, never as a stand-alone label. If the battery or accumulator is so small that the required symbol (crossed-out wheeled bin or crossed-out wheeled bin accompanied by the chemical symbol) would measure less than 0.5 x 0.5 cm, the
32、 following special rules apply: x If the battery or accumulator is sold separately, the symbol (measuring at least 1 x 1 cm) must be printed on the packaging x If the battery is incorporated into electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), the symbol must be printed on the packaging of the EEE; x If
33、the battery is incorporated into EEE that does not have any packaging, the Directive stipulates nothing regarding labelling. This labelling requirement applies to the totality of the battery system and does not necessarily identify the chemistry included within. Heavy metals included through contami
34、nation or integrated electronics can be a source of confusion (Hg or Pb contamination in alkaline batteries, Pb in solders of electronics in NiMH or Li systems) SAE INTERNATIONAL - APR2016 Page 6 of 11 4.1.4 SAE J2936, SAE Electrical Energy Storage Device Labeling Recommended Practice (RP) Issued in
35、 December of 2012, this recommended practice discusses recycling markings, but it emphasizes that it is important WRUHYLHZHDFKFRXQWUVDQGRUUHJLRQVYDULDWLRQVRIUHFFOLQJVPEROV WRDVVXUHFRPSOLDQFHWRFXUUHQWUHJXODWLRQV7KLVRP illustrates various recycling symbols and codes used globally to identify chemistry
36、 or regulatory requirements. It does not specify how, where or in what format the information is communicated on the battery system or its subsystems. The RP states the following for the battery system and battery modules: x Bill of material information for end-of-life reclamation is to be provided
37、through the use of phone numbers, registries or websites where applicable. x Warnings for opening the battery system chemistry/chemistries must be provided as well as warnings to unqualified recyclers. x Charging and discharging procedures/instructions and restrictions must be clearly stated 4.1.5 S
38、AE J2984, Recommended Practice for Chemistry Identification of Transport Battery Systems for Recycling A recommended practice detailing a specific code for battery system identification which requires the following: x Cathode for Li-ion chemistries only x Anode for Li-ion chemistries only x Miscella
39、neous hazard identified from a table of hazards and permits the use of multiple hazard identifiers x A 2-4 digit alpha-numeric manufacturers ID x The year and month of manufacture The EDFNJURXQGFRORUIRUWKLVFRGHLVWRDOLJQZLWKWKHFRORUUHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKH%DWWHU $VVRFLDWLRQRI-DSDQV %$- Rechargeable battery
40、recycling mark in an attempt to harmonize for sorting purposes. However, SAE J2984 does not specify the method or location for applying the code. 4.1.6 Battery Association of Japan 7KH%$-XVHVWKH0RELXVORRSUHFFOLQJVPEROZKLFKLQFOXGHVDFRORU FRGHIRULGHQWLILQJWKHEDWWHUFKHPLVWUEDVHGupon the requirements of
41、 the Japanese battery recycling law: yellow-green for Ni-Cd, orange for NiMH, cobalt blue for lithium ion and silver for lead acid. The major metal contained in the positive electrode must be indicated near the Mobius loop: 0: cobalt, 1: manganese, 2: nickel, 3: iron. The presence of metals that hin
42、der the recycling of the main metals is denoted after the positive electrode metal content number: 0: none, 1: tin 1.0 Wt%/single cell weight, 2: phosphorus 0.5 Wt%/single cell weight. This marking is intended to be applied to all rechargeable batteries for all applications, but no specific method o
43、r location for applying the mark is provided. 4.1.7 Call2Recycle A North American non-profit product stewardship organization, administered by the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation, that collects and recycles batteries at no cost for municipalities, businesses and consumers has developed a
44、color-FRGHGODEHOLQJVFKHPHRUVHDOWKDWDOVRLGHQWLILHVFKHPLVWUEXWLWFDQR QOEHDSSOLHGEDOLFHQVHGPDQXIDFWXUHUZKRSDVDIHHWRXVHLW7KH however the results are summarized in in Table 1. SAE INTERNATIONAL - APR2016 Page 9 of 11 Table 1 4.2.1 Visual Technologies One of the simplest and most expedient solutions is to
45、 label the batteries with some identifier that allows for visual sorting. The Battery Association of Japan has proposed a system that not only identifies the chemistry, but provides a visual color associated with each chemistry. This methodology was also followed by SAE battery labeling recommendation J2984, an example label is in Figure 1. Having a label on consumer products that will remain and be readable at the end of life presents the largest concern, and legacy units would be unidentified and may require labeling at end of life. Current battery
