1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/J3109_201707 SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARD J3109 JUL2017 Issued 2017-07 PWM HVAC Blower Controller a
5、nd BLDC Motor Controller Efficiency Assessment RATIONALE Legislation has been introduced that provides credits for the use of emission reduction technologies. One such technology is the use of a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) HVAC Blower Controller (together with a brushed DC motor) or a Brushless DC c
6、ontroller (with Brushless DC motor) in place of traditional HVAC Blower Controllers such as resistors or Linear Power Modules. A uniform standard does not exist to evaluate the efficiency of such controllers and estimate the impact towards emissions and qualify for credit with the legislative bodies
7、. 1. SCOPE The intention of this standard is to establish a framework to measure the efficiency of PWM HVAC Blower Controllers and Brushless DC Motor Controllers and define a usage based overall efficiency. This result can then be used by vehicle OEMs to demonstrate compliance towards requirements o
8、r benchmarks established by regulatory agencies. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 Related Publications The following
9、publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-799; FRL-9706-5; NHTSA-2010-0131: 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards 3. DEFINITIONS All ph
10、ysical dimensions and units are expressed in SI units and all voltage is assumed to be in Direct Current (DC) unless otherwise noted. 3.1 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation process or technique used to control output power supplied to electrical devices, especi
11、ally to inductive loads such as motor, by means of switching between supply and load on and off at a high frequency. In this document, PWM will also be used to describe an HVAC blower controller using this control method. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 2 of 9 3.2 LINEAR POWER MODULE (LPM) An H
12、VAC blower controller which operates a transistor in a linear mode to control output voltage to an HVAC blower motor. 3.3 VARIABLE BLOWER CONTROLLER (VBC) Another name for a Linear Power Module. 3.4 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR (BLDC) A motor that is commutated via electronic switching rather than a brush and
13、 commutator. 4. EQUIPMENT 4.1 DC Power Supply (Regulated): 0 to 20 V and 0 to 40 A 4.2 Signal generator or LIN-BUS Master device to provide set point to LIN-based controllers 4.3 For PWM and Brush DC motor 4.3.1 All voltage measurement equipment shall be accurate to within 0.05% of reading 20 KHz sq
14、uare wave signal with average measurement. 4.3.2 Current shunt: 100 A/100 mV at 0.1% 4.4 For BLDC Controller 4.4.1 Oscilloscope (1 needed) High-end oscilloscope for advanced math functions and deep memory Minimum of 4 channels 20 MHz bandwidth, sampling rate 10 MS/s, 8-bit resolution Sample memory d
15、epth 10 MS 4.4.2 Current Probes (minimum of 2 needed) Bandwidth 1 MHz Range 30 A to 50 A Note: Rogowski coils and current transformers cannot be used. Only DC-capable probes can be used. 4.4.3 Differential Voltage Probes (minimum of 2 needed) Bandwidth: 20 MHz Range: 20 V, but 100 V 4.4.4 PWM Contro
16、ller with Brushed DC Motor SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 3 of 9 5. TEST SET-UP 5.1 Load The load shall be set with 13.5 V at the power input of the PWM Controller and the set point input to the controller (duty cycle or LIN) shall be adjusted to provide 12.5 Vavg output to the load. 5.1.1 Usi
17、ng HVAC Blower With the electrical input to the PWM Controller adjusted as described in 5.1, restrict the inlet or outlet of the HVAC blower such that the current draw is in accordance to the current listed in Table 2. 5.1.2 Using Load Simulator With the electrical input to the PWM adjusted as descr
18、ibed in 5.1, select an inductive-resistive load to draw the currents listed at the respective voltages in Table 2. The inductance shall be 70 to 200 H. The resistance can be adjusted by use of different values of resistors set in parallel or series, or a sufficiently sized variable resistor, in orde
19、r to obtain the targeted current draw. LRL o a d +L o a d -Figure 1 - Example of load simulator 5.1.3 Wire Connection 3.0 mm2 or 12 AWG wire of a length of 150 mm 10 mm from connector to connector (wire insertion side) shall be used to connect the power module to the blower motor or resistive load.
20、5.1.4 Test Diagram Components and instrumentation shall be set-up in accordance to the diagrams below: SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 4 of 9 P W ML o a dV b a tH V A CC o n t r o lL o a d +L o a d -V b a tM o t o r -I n p u tG N DG N DM o t o r +S h u n tM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : I n p
21、 u t V o l t a g eM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : G r o u n dM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : M o t o r +M e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : M o t o r -S h u n tM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : O u t p u t C u r r e n tM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : I n p u t C u r r e n tFigure 2 - Test set-up
22、 for PWM with high-side switch P W MM o t o rV b a tH V A CC o n t r o lL o a d +L o a d -V b a tM o t o r -I n p u tG N DG N DM o t o r +M e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : I n p u t V o l t a g eM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : G r o u n dM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : M o t o r +M e a s u r e m
23、 e n t P o i n t : M o t o r -S h u n tM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : O u t p u t C u r r e n tM e a s u r e m e n t P o i n t : I n p u t C u r r e n tS h u n tFigure 3 - Test set-up for PWM with low-side switch The manufacturer shall use a harness in good condition in order to remove variabilit
24、y of the contact losses of the terminals due to assembly and dis-assembly. The sense wires should be connected to wires near the connector. The voltage drop across the shunt should be read according to a 4-wire measurement technique as shown on Figures 2 and 3. 5.1.5 Ambient Conditions Test should b
25、e run in ambient temperatures of 25 C 5 C. Cooling airflow for the PWM module should be representative of a production HVAC environment to cool the PWM controller to required levels. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 5 of 9 5.2 TEST PROCEDURE 5.2.1 Control the power supply output such that the in
26、put voltage to the PWM controller is 13.5 V 0.05 V. 5.2.2 Adjust the input control signal to the PWM controller such that the target output voltage, 2% of reading, is achieved. 5.2.3 Hold this condition for 10 minutes and record the following listed in Table 1. Table 1 - Required data Characteristic
27、 Unit PWM Controller Input Voltage VDC PWM Controller Output Voltage (avg) VDC (avg) PWM Controller Input Current A PWM Controller Output Current (avg) A Input Setpoint (Duty Cycle or LIN) % 5.2.4 Repeat until all required voltages are tested. The required voltages are listed in Table 2: Table 2 - R
28、equired test voltages and currents Condition Voltage Vavg Current Iavg Low 4.00 23% x Hi Medium Low 6.00 35% x Hi Medium 8.25 54% x Hi Medium High 10.50 75% x Hi High 12.50 Hi* *Hi is defined as 1 A beneath the lower tolerance of the rated current. For example, if the component is listed as having a
29、 current rating of 28 A 3 A, the “Hi” current used for this test would be 24 A. 5.3 REPORTING AND CALCULATION 5.3.1 Reporting format shall follow the documentation in Table 3: Table 3 - Test reporting Condition Duty Cycle PWM Controller Input Voltage PWM Controller Input Current PWM Controller Input
30、 Power PWM Controller Output Voltage PWM Controller Output Current PWM Controller Output Power Efficiency Weighting Factor % VDC A W VDCavg A W % % Low 35% Medium Low 22% Medium 21% Medium High 12% High 10% Weighted Average Efficiency: - SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 6 of 9 5.3.1.1 The Effici
31、ency is calculated as the PWM Controller Output Power divided by the PWM Controller Input Power. See Equation 1: Efficiency = = u (Eq. 1) 5.4 Weighting factors are based on an estimate of percent usage at different blower voltages in the field. 5.5 Weighted Average Efficiency is the measure that wil
32、l be assessed for credits qualification. The weighted average efficiency shall be calculated as shown in Equation 2: Weighted Average Efficiency = 0.35*EfficiencyLow + 0.22*EfficiencyMedLow + 0.20*EfficiencyMed +0.12*EfficiencyMedHigh + 0.10*EfficiencyHigh (Eq. 2) 6. CONTROLLER FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTO
33、R (BLDC) 6.1 Test Set-Up 6.1.1 Establishing Appropriate Load The load shall be set with 13.5 V at the power input to the BLDC controller and the set point shall be varied to achieve the targeted current draw (when using HVAC Blower described in 6.1.2) or targeted motor speed (when using dynamometer
34、described in 6.1.3). 6.1.2 Using HVAC Blower With the electrical input to the BLDC controller established according to 6.1.1., restrict the inlet or the outlet of the HVAC blower such that the current draw is 1 A below the maximum current limit of the device. For subsequent measures, the input set p
35、oint shall be adjusted such that the targeted BLDC controller input power is reached, 2% of reading. 6.1.3 Using Dynamometer With the electrical input to the BLDC controller established according to 6.1.1. adjust the torque of the dynamometer such that the current draw is 1 A below the maximum curre
36、nt limit of the device. Record the speed at this point. For subsequent measurements, adjust the duty cycle input to the BLDC controller to target the scaled speed according to Table 5. Then adjust the torque of the dynamometer to achieve the targeted input power in Table 5. Two examples are describe
37、d below. For the first example, at maximum input set point and no load, the no load speed is hypothetically 4200 rpm. However, with the addition of torque to reach the target current, the resultant speed is 3800 rpm as the torque is beyond the speed plateau. Thus, the “Maximum” speed is 3800 rpm and
38、 the next subsequent point (63% of High Input Power) will have the input set point adjusted to achieve 88% x 3800 rpm = 3300 rpm and the torque adjusted to achieve 63% of the “Hi” input power. In a second example, if at maximum input set point and no load, the no load motor speed is 4200 rpm. With t
39、he addition of torque to reach the target current, the resultant speed is still on the plateau (torque where the speed versus torque relationship is flat) at 4200 rpm. Thus, the “Maximum” speed would be 4200 rpm and the next subsequent point (63% of High Input Power) will have the input set point ad
40、justed to achieve 88% x 4200 = 3696 rpm and the torque adjusted to reach 63% of “Hi” input power. The supplier may use an external supply of air to cool the motor and controller to levels representative of an HVAC module. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 7 of 9 6.1.4 Example Test Diagram B L D C
41、 C o n t r o l l e rID CVD CP h a s e 1P h a s e 2P h a s e NIp h a s e 1Ip h a s e 2Ip h a s e NB r u s h l e s sM o t o rVp h a s e 1Vp h a s e 2Vp h a s e NN e u t r a l P o i n t o f M o t o rOutput Power = VPhase1 x IPhase1 + VPhase2 x IPhase2 +V PhaseN x IPhaseN (all instantaneous values, not
42、average nor RMS) For other motor topologies, a different set-up may be required if the neutral point of the motor is not accessible. The manufacturer shall make modifications as necessary to install the instrumentation such that it does not interfere with the operation of the BLDC. 6.2 TEST PROCEDUR
43、E 6.2.1 It is imperative to check “known zero”, use the degauss/autozero function, and recompensate after temperature stabilization in order to minimize offset errors. If needed, the use of a math channel can be used to subtract known offsets. In order to minimize gain errors, the gains of the input
44、 and output measuring instruments should be matched. A math channel for gain adjustment, or fine-graine attenuation setting on a per-channel basis can be used (after offset compensation). 6.2.2 Control the power supply output such that the input voltage to the BLDC controller is 13.5 V 0.05 V. 6.2.3
45、 Adjust the input control signal to the BLDC controller such that the target input power, 2% of reading, is achieved. 6.2.4 The oscilloscope shall utilize a math function to calculate input power, as well as the output power of each phase. If the oscilloscope does not have enough channels to capture
46、 output power of all phases and the input power simultaneously, then an alternative approach is required. For each test condition, the output power for a single phase and the input power shall be measured simultaneously, and then repeated for each phase. The input power shall be measured at all time
47、s in order to ensure that no changes to the test condition occurs. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3109 JUL2017 Page 8 of 9 6.2.5 Hold this condition until the temperature of the controller stabilizes and record data to capture a minimum of 5 revolutions of the rotor. 6.2.6 Once the data is captured, utilize the
48、 oscilloscope to calculate mean input and output power over these revolutions. Table 4 - Required data Characteristic Unit BLDC Controller Input Voltage VDC BLDC Controller Input Current A Input Setpoint (PWM input or LIN decimal value) % or increments Output Power Phase 1N (time averaged) W Output Power Phase N (time avera
