1、11CleanerCars: The History and Technology of EmissionControl Sincethe 1960s therS!Eboo“sonthis to#ic Emissionsand!ir Q%ality by Hans (724)776+4970; fax (724)776+0790; e+mail: #%blicationssae.org; web site: www.sae.org/ =ST RE.CleanerCars: The History and Technology of EmissionControl Sincethe 1960s
2、J. RobertMondt Society of!%tomotive Engineers, nc. Warrendale, eadin:asoline.93 DualConverter #ystems.95 CatalystElements.96 Alternative Catalyst Elements.96 TheContributions byCatalystCompanies.9% CatalystAging.99 Development of Catalytic Converters by theAuto Industry.100 TheCeramic*onolith Cataly
3、ticConverter.106 CatalystProcesses.10“ 19“5 Catalytic ConverterEmissionControl #ystem.115 Catalysts forDiesel Engines.119 Temperature Effects.121 ;imitationson Engine+peration.125 Three- ayCatalytic ConverterEra.126 Three- ayCatalyst Transient Testing.12% Closed ;oop EmissionControl.129 AuditandCust
4、omer Inspections.13“ #ummary.139 Chapter “ RevisedCleanAirActof1990andExhaust Aftertreatment #ystems.143 Impact ofthe 1990RevisedCleanAirActon Exhaust Engineering.149 Exhaust #ystem Thermal *anagement.149 *ultidimensional *odeling.155 Three- ay Converter *odeling.15“ Thermal Durability.159 Alternati
5、ve #ubsystems.160 Passive #ubsystems.161 Active #ubsystems.16“ Exhaust #ystem PressuresandPressure Drop.1“6 Flow Processes.1“ #ourcesofPressure Drop.1%0 ;ossCoefficients.1%4 Vehicle Applications.1%“Chapter % AlternativeFuelsand:lobalEmissions.193 AlternativeFuels.193 Auto/+ilAir QualityImprovement R
6、esearch Program.199 Fuel CompositionalChanges.200 +zone *odeling.201 :lobalarming(:reenhouseEffect).202 ;ean!urn N+xCatalyst Consortium.206 AcidRain.209 Chapter 9 Future Perspective.213 Fuel Quality.213 AlternativeFuels.213 Emission#tandards.215 EmissionsControl Progress.21“ Air Quality Data.21% Fut
7、ure Projections.223 Appendices A TimelineforControlofAutomotiveEmissionsinthe United#tates.22“ ! People andPlaces.231 :eneral*otors.231 Ford*otor Company.233 Inter-Industry EmissionControl (IIEC)Program.233 Catalytic Converter Development.233 ChryslerCorporation.234 C Acronyms.23“ Index.241 Aboutthe
8、Author 261Foreword Thisbook is anhistorical overviewoftheevolutionofemissioncontrolsfor automobiles. It is written from my perspective as a participant in the research and development program at General Motors, where I worked for 43 years.s a mechanical engineer, my technical specialties include the
9、rmodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. My hands!on experi! encehasbeenin integratingcomponents into complete vehicle systems, with a particular emphasis on introducing the catalytic converter as a primary component for controlling exhaust emissions fromautomobiles. I witnessedtheevolutiono
10、femissioncontrols starting with theenvironmen! tal concerns in #alifornia in the $% )ob +arrauto, of (ngelhard *orporation; and &hil Willson, for their review and contributions“Introduction Advances in mankinds standard of living over the last century can be characterized in large part by both incre
11、ased consumption of energy and depletion of energy sources, predominately oil and coal. A byproduct of this process has been a significant increase in the amount of waste matter gener- ated, both on the ground and in the atmosphere. Until recent times, ongoing natural chemical processes have been su
12、fficient to cleanse the environment of most of the pollution and waste materials that have resulted from energy production and consumption. However, in light of a constantly increasing population worldwide and the resultant use of more and more energy x=re#- consuming appliances and vehicles, the er
13、adication of these wastes can no longer be left to $other Nature alone. At the beginning of the twentieth century, most pollutants still originated from natural sources. However, as early as the the chemical forces that produced the colored haze resulted from the reactions of volatile organic compou
14、nds (VOCs) p=m- mostly hydrocarbons p=m- and biogenic oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By the &950s, mans contributions to environmental pollution began to increase at an alarming rate, especially in energy-consuming nations such as the United +tates. At mid-century, major sources of air pollution included
15、 human and animal waste, effluents from manufacturing plants and power generating plants, and, increasingly, exhaust from automobiles. During the prosperous &960s, the automobile became synonymous with the free-wheeling nature of life and culture in the United +tates. A prosperous household wanted a
16、nd could afford to have at least two cars. And the vast freeway system initiated during the Eisenhower Administration made trans- portation by car convenient and inexpensive, enabling motorists to visit every corner of the United +tates as well as venture into Canada and $exico. The U.+. automobile
17、industry could do no wrong! $ore and more cars were manufactured to satisfy every customer need. New styles of vehicles were produced, including larger models of station wagons, sports cars, and smalltrucks. Customers responded readily to each advance in comfort and conve- nience, which included air
18、 conditioning, power brakes, power steering, electric windows, and electric door locks. However, the downside was that all of these developments increased the per-vehicle energy consumption. In the decade of the 1960s, approximately 20# of the energy consumed in the United States could be attributed
19、 to automobiles. Essentially all passen- ger vehicles were powered by hydrocarbon-based fuel, mostly gasoline. As the total automotive fleet expanded rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s, vehicles came under severe attack as air “polluters,“ especially in California. Exhaust emissions from automobiles inc
20、reasingly were identified as a significant contributor to air pollution. +rofessor +hillip Myers of the University of Wisconsin stated, in 1966, that “air pollution is a problem to be concerned withwe automotive engineers have a special interest and contributions to make since automobiles produce ab
21、out 60# of the total mass of air pollut- ants“ 11.1. The engineering and technical communities were challenged to become “good neighbors“ of the environment by finding ways to reduce automotive emissions and thereby help to improve air quality. As is frequently the case with social and technological
22、 change, the initiative for action started in Americas most populous western state, California. Reference II. 1 Myers, +.S. “Automobile EmissionsA Study in Environmental Benefits Versus Technological Costs,“ SAE +aper No. 700182, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Warrendale, +a., 1970.“ODE“(r) of Poll
23、ution The following poem was written by Ernest . Landen from Caterpillar Tractor Co. and was printed in the April &968 issue of the +AE Journal. The poem captures the essence of the historical efforts to control pollutants and emissions: In recent years men of scientific mind Have been diligently tr
24、ying to find A simple and une#uivocal solution To a problem known as air pollution In years gone by when streets were mud Enriched with animal droppings and other crud Debate ensued, mixed with indecent talk Until villages installed the first sidewalk But still when people crossed the street The ten
25、acious muck stuck to their feet, The fair sex naturally with distaste of grime Demanded ways to escape this slime. +ome townsmen said with great remorse e must get rid of the nasty horse, hile others thought dignity could be saved By simply having the whole street paved! Thus emissions were limited
26、to discrete piles Around which people walked with smiles And busy tumble bugs enjoyed their day Until the cleaner swept it away. The people now had settled down To enjoy the pure fresh air of town Until the experiments of Professor Otto Produces a vehicle called the auto. This faster mode of transpo
27、rtation Guickly reduced the e#uestrian population here once a single span of horses stood A hundred now hid beneath the hood. here clip clop of horses once filled the street The roar of tailpipes now set the beat Autos, taxis, trucks and the bus All clutter the street in front of us The products of
28、combustion now of course Differ completely from those of the horseChapter 1 California Crusadeto Control Emissions Evenbefore the SecondWorld War, acloud was looming on the horizonp=m- the California horizon, to be specificp=m-which ultimately would drastically change the courseofthe automobile indu
29、stry, not only inthe nited States, but worldwide. That cloud was identified and named “smog.“ People in Southern California gradually became aware that the hazybrownish-white cloud they livedwithwas becoming more dense, increasinglycausing burn- ing eyes and respiratoryproblems. Atmospheric conditions inthehowever,the improvement inair quality was onlymarginal. As a consequence, in 1+55, California set up the Bureau ofAir Sanitation.
