1、Digital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Workplace Design Don B. ChaffinDigital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Workplace Design Don B. Chaffin with contributions by Cynthia Nelson John D. Ianni Patrick A.J. Punte, A.J.K Oudenhuijzen, A.J.S. Hin Darrell Bowman Deborah Thompson Brian Peacock, Heather Re
2、ed, Robert Fox D. Glenn Jimmerson Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, Pa. Copyright 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-4887-2Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chaffin, Don B. Digital human modeling for vehicle and workplace design / Don B. Cha
3、ffin with contributions by Cynthia Nelson . et al. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7680-0687-2 1. Motor vehiclesDesign and construction. 2. Human engineering Data processing. 3. Human-machine systemsComputer aided design, 4. Human-machine systemsMathematical models. 5. D
4、igital computer simulation. I. Title. TL250.C49 2001 620.820285dc21 00-069822 Copyright 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Phone: (724)776-4841 Fax: (724)776-5760 E-mail: publicationssae.org http:/www.sae.org ISBN 0-7680-0687-2 All righ
5、ts reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or per- sonal use of specific clients, is granted by SAE for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $.50
6、per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923. Special requests should be addressed to the SAE Publications Group. 0-7680-0687-2/01-$.50. SAE Order No. R-276Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Acronyms xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objective of Human Simula
7、tion in Design 1 1.2 Why the Interest in Human Simulations in Design? 2 1.3 How Do the Roles of Human Simulation and Virtual Reality Technologies Relate in the Design of Systems? 3 1.4 A Brief History of Some Popular Human Simulation Methods for Design 4 1.5 Human Simulation to Enhance Designing Sys
8、tems for People 12 1.6 Outline of Case Studies and General Issues to Be Presented. References 14 Chapter 2 Anthropometric Analyses of Crew Interfaces and Component Accessibility for the International Space Station 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 International Space Station Node 1 18 2.3 Requirements for
9、Anthropometric Accommodation and Component Accessibility 18 2.4 Human Modeling Simulation versus Traditional Anthropometric Testing 19 2.5 Anthropometric Accommodation 20 2.6 Anthropometric Analyses and Component Accessibility Demonstration with BHMS 21 iiiDigital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Work
10、place Design 2.7 Normal OperationDamper Valve Control Assembly 21 2.8 Maintenance OperationInter-Module Venting Fan Assembly 23 2.8.1 Maintenance Subtask 1Removal of Closeout Panels . 24 2.8.2 Maintenance Subtask 2Removal of Band 25 2.8.3 Maintenance Subtask 3Removal of Lower Silencer 27 2.8.4 Maint
11、enance Subtask 4Removal of Fan Assembly 29 2.8.5 Maintenance Task Summary 31 2.9 Emergency OperationPortable Fire Extinguisher at Fire Port 31 2.10 Compliance Demonstration and Simulation Benefits 32 2.11 Recommendations 33 2.11.1 Improvements for Microgravity Simulation 33 2.11.2 Improvements for U
12、ser Productivity 34 2.12 Conclusions 35 References 35 Chapter 3 Human Model Evaluations of Air Force System Designs 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Background 37 3.3 F-15 Radar Analysis 39 3.4 F-22 Power Supply Analysis 42 3.5 Munitions Trailer Analysis 45 3.6 Modeling the Trailer 45 3.7 Performing the A
13、nalysis 48 3.8 Software Observations 51 3.9 The Appeal of Human Modeling 52 3.10 A Better Virtual World 53 3.11 Conclusions 54 References 55 Chapter 4 Ship Bridge Design and Evaluation Using Human Modeling Systems and Virtual Environments 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Ship Bridge Design 58 ivContents 4
14、.3 Ergonomic Evaluation of the Design 60 4.4 Computer-Assisted Ergonomic Analysis: The ATOMOS II Project 63 4.5 Physical Analysis Using BHMS 63 4.5.1 Bridge Design 63 4.5.2 Method 63 4.5.3 Results 64 4.5.4 Discussion 67 4.6 Functional Analysis Using VE 67 4.6.1 Bridge Design 67 4.6.2 Method 68 4.6.3
15、 Results 69 4.6.4 Discussion 70 4.7 Discussion and Conclusions 71 4.8 Future Work 74 References 75 Chapter 5 Using Digital Human Modeling in a Virtual Heavy Vehicle Development Environment 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) Compliance 78 5.3 FMVSS Compliance Ana
16、lysis 81 5.4 Instrument Panel Reach Analysis 81 5.5 Instrument Panel Visual Analysis 86 5.6 Vehicle Entry/Egress 89 5.7 Vehicle Entry/Egress Analysis 90 5.8 Advantages of the Technology 96 5.9 Disadvantages of the Technology 97 5.10 Foreseeable Trends in the Technology 98 5.11 Conclusions 99 Referen
17、ces 99 Chapter 6 The Determination of the Human Factors/Occupant Packaging Requirements for Adjustable Pedal Systems 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.1.1 Use of Human Simulation Technology 102 vDigital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Workplace Design 6.2 Problem Analysis: Accommodating the Target Customer
18、Population 103 6.3 Design Analysis: Packaging Requirements for Adjustable Pedal Systems 105 6.3.1 Set-up for the Analysis 105 6.3.2 Result of the Analysis 108 6.4 Conclusion 109 References 110 Chapter 7 Ergonomics Analysis of Sheet Metal Handling 113 7.1 Background 113 7.2 The Process 114 7.3 Outcom
19、es 116 7.4 Decisions 116 7.5 Design 117 7.6 Choices 118 7.7 Analysis 118 7.8 Simulation 119 7.9 Policy 121 7.10 Case Study 122 References 125 Chapter 8 Digital Human Modeling for Improved Product and Process Feasibility Studies 127 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Digital Human Modeling 129 8.3 Case StudyDE
20、W98 Door Latch Module 130 8.4 Technology Assessment 134 8.5 Future Direction 135 Chapter 9 Summary 137 9.1 What Did We Hope to Learn from These Cases? 137 9.1.1 What General Benefits Were Demonstrated in These Case Studies by the Application of Digital Human Modeling? 139 9.1.2 What General Limitati
21、ons Were Found in the Application of Existing Digital Human Models? 141 viContents 9.2 Some Concluding Thoughts About DHM Applications 144 References 146 Glossary 147 Index 155 About the Author 179 About the Contributing Authors 181 viiForeword The ability to digitally simulate how humans interact w
22、ith a product has the potential to revolutionize the way companies design, build, operate, and main- tain new products. Digital modeling and simulation techniques have already proven their ability to significantly reduce the cycle time and cost of designing new products, and have generally improved
23、the quality of products and made them faster, easier, and cheaper to produce, operate, and maintain. But many productssuch as high performance aircraft and spacecraft present additional design challenges in human factors. To get the greatest performance, comfort, and safety from these products, engi
24、neers need to know early in the design process how effectively and efficiently humans will be able to interact with them. These challenges becomes increasingly important as businesses expand into global markets, where the success of new products depends on accommodating a greater diversity of human
25、sizes, shapes, and other physical characteristics. Through accurate digital modeling and simulation of human interactions with a product, all stakeholders in the development of the productmarketing, engineering, production, and supportcan visualize the design and share their concerns about it and ma
26、ke suggestions for improvement. Such evaluations will allow design decisions to be based on a broader under- standing of the user before development resources are committed, and will eliminate many additionaland typically unnecessarysteps that often occur later in the development and support process
27、es. A simple evaluation of manual and visual access for adequately installing and inspecting components in a product, for example, can save many unnecessary ixDigital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Workplace Design steps and thousands of labor hours later on, during the production and mainte- nance
28、of the product over its lifetime. So in an age focused on getting better, faster, and cheaper results through computer technology, the development of effective digital human modeling capabilities seems to be a logical next step for dramatically improving the cycle time, quality, and cost of producin
29、g ergonomically efficient designs. For those companies that value ergonomic thinking and taking the perspective of the customer, assembler, maintainer, and operator during the design process, investments in hardware, software and training for digital human modeling and simulation will pay big divide
30、nds. We must keep in mind that, while the future may belong to those who plan, it also belongs to those who implement processes, such as digital human model- ing, that improve the speed, quality, and effectiveness of how we think and what we produce for mankind. In this book, Don Chaffin explores va
31、rious examples of how digital human modeling has been implemented in different fields. Because these studies show both the promise and the problems associated with this emerging tech- nology, they provide a good foundation for further development in this impor- tant field. Accordingly, they should b
32、e evaluated carefully and applied fruitfully to integrating this new technology into the design process. David O. Swain Boeing Senior Vice President of Engineering John Ianni of Wright-Patterson AFB; Patrick Punte, Aernout Oudenhuijzen, and Andrea Hin of TNO (Netherlands); Darrell Bowman of Internat
33、ional Truck and Engine Corporation; Deborah Thompson formerly of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation; Brian Peacock, Heather Reed, and Robert Fox of General Motors Corporation; and Glenn Jimmerson of Ford Motor Company. These individuals willingly volunteered their time to produce the seven well-written
34、 and nicely illustrated case studies. Without their extra efforts this book would not have been possible. Of course for any writing project such as this there is always a group of people who are essential to producing a document that clearly expresses the intent of the authors. At the University of
35、Michigan, Patricia Terrell collected the manuscripts and expertly organized the figures and tables. I also would like to acknowledge Michael Biferno, Manager of Human Factors at the Boeing Company Phantom Works. Mikes outstanding leadership of the SAE G13 Committee on Human Modeling Technology and S
36、tandards led to the conceptualization of this book. During the meetings of this committee a project was developed to write the book. Without the G13 organization it would have been very difficult to assemble the people involved and the topics presented in the book. Lastly I would like to thank my colleagues at the Center for Ergonomics at the University of Michigan for supporting my time on this project over the last two years. Don Chaffin July 2000 xiii
