1、Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications provides the first comprehensive description of all documented opposed piston (OP) engines from 1887 to 2006. Design and performance details of the major types of OP engines in stationary, ground, marine, and aviation applications are e
2、xplored. The OP engine has set enviable and leading-edge standards for power/weight, refinement, fuel tolerance, fuel efficiency, package space, and manufacturing simplicity. For these reasons, the OP concept still remains of interest for outstanding power and package density, simplicity, and reliab
3、ility; e.g., aviation and certain military transport requirements. Using material from historic and unpublished internal research reports, the authors present the rationale for OP engines, their diverse architecture, detailed design aspects, performance data, manufacturing details, and leading engin
4、eers and applications. Comparisons to 4-stroke engines are made supporting the case for reconsidering OP engines for certain applications. R-378Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications R378_FM_F1.indd i R378_FM_F1.indd i 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 AMOther related publications
5、available from SAE include: Vehicular Engine Design By Kevin L Hoag Product Code R-369 Modern Engine Technology from A to Z By Richard Van Basshuysen and Fred Schaefer Product Code R-373 Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II By Graham White Product Code R-154 For more information or to orde
6、r these publications, contact SAE Customer Service at: 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA Web site: http:/store.sae.org E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: Toll-free 1-877-606-7323 (U.S./Canada) or 1-724-776-4970 R378_FM_F1.indd ii R378_FM_F1.indd ii 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 A
7、MOpposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications Jean-Pierre Pirault Martin Flint Warrendale, Pa. R378_FM_F1.indd iii R378_FM_F1.indd iii 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 AM400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA a
8、nd Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-1615Copyright 2010 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE. ISBN 978-0-
9、7680-1800-4 SAE Order No. R-378 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International
10、nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. is work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services
11、. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae. org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. To purchase bulk
12、quantities, please contact SAE Customer Service, e-mail: CustomerService sae.org, phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada), 724-776-4970 (outside USA), fax: 724-776-1615. Visit the SAE Bookstore at http:/store.sae.org R378_FM_F1.indd iv R378_FM_F1.indd iv 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 AMv CONTENTS O
13、PPOSED PISTON ENGINES: EVOLUTION, USE, AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Foreward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Accuracy and Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Chapter
15、 1 Introduction to Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Rationales for OP Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
16、.3 Issues Facing OP Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Types of Opposed Piston Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Current Relevance of OP Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6 Summary . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter 2 History of Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1
18、Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Pre 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3 19001945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . 22 2.4 Post 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 3 Aeronautical Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2 Junkers Jumo 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.3 Junkers Jumo 207B2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4 Diesel Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter 4 Automotive Opposed Piston Engin
22、es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.2 Valveless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.3 Trojan . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 R378_FM_F1.indd v R378_FM_F1.indd v 9/4/09 1:44 PM 9/4/09 1:44 PMOpposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications vi 4.4 MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.5 Rootes Commer TS3 and TS4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 4.6 Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder “OPOC TM ” Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chapter 5 Military Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.2 Leyland L60 . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.3 Rolls Royce K60 and K60T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 5.4 Kharkiv Morozov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Chapter 6 Marine Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 6.2 Doxford . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 6.3 Napier Deltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.4 e American Marc 10 Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 6.5 Vincent Marine Eng
29、ine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 6.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Chapter 7 Auxiliary Power Opposed Piston Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 7.1 Auxiliary Power U
30、nit Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 7.2 Coventry Climax H30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 7.3 Fairbanks Morse Model 38 OP Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.4 Sulzer Brothers ZG Series . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.5 English Electric Fullagar Q and R Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 7.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Chapter 8 Unusual Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.2 Fairbanks Morse Diamond Experimental OP Submarine Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.3 Africar OP Engine . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 8.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 R378_FM_F1.indd vi R378_FM_F1.indd vi 9/4/09 1:44 PM 9/4/09 1:44 PMvii Contents Chapter 9 Opposed Piston Research, Con
34、cepts and Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 9.2 Research Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 9.3 Research Engines: Sulzer Brothers G Series
35、OP Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 9.4 Fuel-to-Air Mixing and Combustion in Opposed Piston Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 9.5 Wallace Research into Highly Boosted TS3 Engine . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 9.6 Variable Compression Ratio Rootes TS3 OP Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 9.7 Rolls-Royce Double Bank Rocking Beam “H12” OP Engine Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 9.8 Rolls-Royce Double ree Inline Multifuel Engine . . . . . . . . . . 472 9.9 Armstrong Whitworth Swing Beam Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 9.10 Advanced OP Engine Diesel Demonstrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 9.11 Opposed Piston Gas Exchange and C
38、harging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 9.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Chapter 10 Opposed Piston Applications and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
39、9 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 10.2 Utility Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 10.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Engines, 8 kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 10.
40、4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Engine, 80 kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 10.5 Heavy Duty Truck Engine, 400 kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 10.6 Enabling Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 10.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . 541 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 R378_FM_F1.indd v
43、ii R378_FM_F1.indd vii 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 AMR378_FM_F1.indd viii R378_FM_F1.indd viii 9/4/09 9:29 AM 9/4/09 9:29 AMix Foreward Opposed Piston Engines looks both backward and forward in time, with the view that these historical engines have relevance to future power-train challenges. Based on
44、 detailed research and discussions with relevant engineers, this book traces the evolution of opposed piston (OP) engines from the end of the nineteenth century, with the Oechelhaeuser, Junkers, and Beardmore two-stroke power units that o ered the rst serious challenge in thermal e ciency and speci
45、c output, to Otto and Diesel engines, and the manufacturing simplicity of these engines. In-depth descriptions are provided on many unique con gurations of pioneering diesel OP engines such as the Fairbanks Morse medium speed engine, still in production in the United States more than 70 years since
46、the rst prototypes, and the Junkers Jumo 205E and 207B2 heavy duty enginesthe only diesel engines to have been used regularly for commercial aircra , with exceptional power/weight and brake thermal e ciency. In the marine eld, detailed descriptions from the United States Marc outboard OP engine; a c
47、omprehensive review of the three cranksha Napier Deltic, which remains unmatched in its class for power density and power/bulk; and a thorough coverage of the towering single crank Doxfords OP cathedral engines, which powered thousands of tons of merchant ships from 19231980 are provided. Automotive
48、 OP engine examples include the spark ignited air cooled AFRICAR light duty engine; the Rootes TS3, an iconic success as a medium duty truck in the United Kingdom in the 1960s; as well as numerous land based OP engines used in post World War II military vehicles in the Soviet Union, France, the Unit
49、ed Kingdom, the Middle East, Iran, and India. e general architecture and features of many of these OP engines have been reviewed holistically, speci c items carefully examined, and e orts made to characterize key design and performance parameters, with comparisons to generalized four-stroke engine information where possible. A special section covers research projects, showing that opposed piston engines had been operated as early as 1941 at 6 bars absolute boost pressure and in turbo-compounding form, and achieved near 41% brake thermal e ciency as early as
