1、AUTOMOTIVE INTERNATIONAL R-407 About the Authors Professor Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Seiffert is the acting chairman of WiTech Engineering GmbH and serves on the boards of directors for ITS Niedersachsen, VOl Vehicle Technology, FEV GmbH, waco, and Ihlemann AG. He is a member of the Helmholtz Senat, Royal Swe
2、dish Academy of Engineering Sciences, and Acatech. He is a former board member for R phone 877-606-7323 (U.S.A. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S.A. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; emailCustomerServicesae.org; website http:/ /books.sae.org. 6374_book.indb 2 9/12/13 2:47 PM Integrated Auto
3、motive Safety Handbook Ulrich Seiffert and Mark Gonter Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA 6374_book.indb 3 9/12/13 2:47 PM Copyright 2014 SAE International eISBN: 978-0-7680-8029-2400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canad
4、a) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2014 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distrib- uted, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permis- sion of SAE.For permission
5、and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-6437-7 SAE Order Number R-407 DOI 10.4271/R-407 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seiffert, Ulric
6、h. Integrated automotive safety handbook / Ulrich Seiffert and Mark Gonter. pages cm “SAE order number R-407”Title page verso. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-7680-6437-7 1. AutomobilesSafety measures. 2. Traffic safety. 3. Automobiles Technological innovations. I. Gonter, Mark. II.
7、Title. TL242.S43 2013 629.2220289dc23 2013018537 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither S
8、AE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other pr
9、ofessional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-079
10、0 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at books.sae.org 6374_book.indb 4 9/12/13 2:47 PMv Table of Contents Preface .ix Chapter 1 The Need to Increase Road Safety1 1.1 Introduction .1 1.2 Definitions.3 1.3 Driving forces for increased vehicle safety .6 1.3.1 Legislation .6 1.3.2 Competition.11 1.3.
11、3 Consumer information12 1.3.4 Product liability15 1.4 References 15 Chapter 2 Accident Research. 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Accident data .18 2.3 Application of accident research data.22 2.4 References 24 Chapter 3 Integrated Safety. 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Accident avoidance 28 3.2.1 Human fact
12、ors.28 3.2.2 Comfort and ergonomics30 3.2.3 Chassis and tire design .31 3.2.4 Vehicle assistance systems.34 3.2.5 Driver assistance systems .37 3.2.5.1 Longitudinal guidance systems .37 3.2.5.2 Lateral guidance systems.38 3.2.5.3 Night assistance.39 3.3 Driver, vehicle, and environment 46 3.3.1 Intr
13、oduction.46 3.3.2 Driver modeling .47 3.3.3 Vehicle data and perception .49 3.3.3.1 Crash prediction 50 3.3.3.2 Evaluation .52 3.3.3.3 Environment detection.53 3.4 References 59 Chapter 4 Functions of Integrated Safety 63 4.1 Precrash safety 63 4.1.1 Definition of the precrash phase63 6374_book.indb
14、 5 9/12/13 2:47 PMvi 4.1.2 Automatic brake intervention64 4.1.3 Irreversible restraint systems 67 4.1.4 Side precrash system .68 4.2 Systems to integrate avoidance and mitigation 72 4.2.1 Preventative occupant protection.72 4.2.2 Integral pedestrian protection .73 4.2.3 From steering support to auto
15、mated driving intervention .75 4.2.4 Rescue and recovery77 4.2.5 Development process of integral functions 78 4.3 Car- to-x safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.3.1 Introduction.79 4.3.2 Car- to- car based functions and r
16、equirements 80 4.3.3 Automatic braking intervention by vehicle- to- vehicle and sensor fusion 82 4.3.4 Cooperative driving 85 4.4 References 86 Chapter 5 Biomechanics and Protection Criteria 89 5.1 Biomechanics .89 5.1.1 Introduction.89 5.1.2 Tolerance limits 90 5.1.3 External injuries .91 5.1.4 Int
17、ernal injuries93 5.2 Protection criteria94 5.3 References 99 Chapter 6 Mitigation of Injuries .101 6.1 Quasi- static test requirements on the body in white .101 6.1.1 Tests on seats and seat belt anchorage points101 6.1.2 Roof strength .101 6.1.3 Side structures102 6.2 Dynamic simulation of vehicle
18、collisions.103 6.2.1 Frontal collision.103 6.2.2 Lateral collisions 107 6.2.3 Rear end collisions 109 6.2.4 Vehicle rollover .109 6.3 Occupant protection 110 6.3.1 Vehicle interior .110 6.3.2 Restraint systems . 111 6.3.2.1 Safety belts 112 6.3.2.2 Child restraints 114 6.3.2.3 Airbags.115 6.3.2.4 Se
19、ats, seat back, and head rests.118 6.4 Interaction of restraint system and vehicle .118 6.4.1 Unbelted occupant in a frontal collision 118 6374_book.indb 6 9/12/13 2:47 PMvii 6.4.2 Belted occupant.120 6.4.3 Airbag systems .121 6.4.4 Steering column deformation force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . 122 6.4.5 Optimizing the restraint system function .124 6.4.5.1 Concept of “less beltmore airbag” .125 6.4.5.2 Ideal restraint effect 125 6.4.5.3 Optimum profile of the belt force and airbag vent 128 6.4.5.4 Steering column deformation force with a degressive airbag vent control .
21、133 6.4.5.5 Summary of optimization .134 6.4.6 Lateral collisions 136 6.4.6.1 Theoretical analysis.136 6.4.6.2 Side impact test defined in the U.S. and Europe 137 6.5 References .138 Chapter 7 Adaptive Occupant Protection.141 7.1 Requirements based on the accident situation 141 7.2 Individual occupa
22、nt protection .143 7.2.1 Accident severity .143 7.2.2 Individuality of the occupants 147 7.2.2.1 Seat settings .149 7.2.2.2 Age of the occupants .150 7.2.3 Weighting of the main influencing factors 151 7.3 Airbag control concepts .153 7.3.1 Mass flow control .153 7.3.2 Volume control .156 7.3.3 Vent
23、 control with constant pressure156 7.3.4 Airbag vent switching once.157 7.3.5 Switchable belt force limiter 158 7.3.6 Comparison between the airbag control concepts159 7.4 Occupant and accident severity- specific adaptivity161 7.4.1 Airbag vent control with switching belt force limiter. 161 7.4.2 Se
24、lf- adaptation of the belt force for different occupants.162 7.4.3 Potential for the occupant without seat belt.162 7.4.4 System function and potential for the front- seat passenger163 7.4.5 Summary of adaptivity 164 7.5 Estimate of the potential of adaptive restraint systems in a real accident 165
25、7.5.1 Injury probability .165 7.5.2 Principal problems with transferring the potential determined in simulation techniques to real accident situations 167 7.5.3 Equivalent accident severity 168 7.5.4 Calculation of the virtual injury distribution in the field 170 7.5.5 Effectiveness and benefit of a
26、daptive restraint systems in the field .171 7.6 References .172 6374_book.indb 7 9/12/13 2:47 PMviii Chapter 8 Compatibility of Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Pedestrians . 175 8.1 General .175 8.2 Passenger car/truck collisions176 8.3 Pedestrian collisions 177 8.4 References .178 Chapter 9 Calculation
27、 and Simulation181 9.1 Introduction .181 9.2 Man- machine- interface 181 9.3 Computer- aided development process by HIL, VIL, SIL 182 9.3.1 Simulation of predictive safety systems 182 9.3.2 Vehicle-in-the-loop 184 9.4 Crash simulation .185 9.4.1 Introduction185 9.4.2 Frontal crash .187 9.4.3 Lateral
28、 impacts .187 9.4.4 Rear - end collision .188 9.4.5 Rollover .188 9.4.6 Components .190 9.5 References .191 Chapter 10 Looking Into the Future 193 10.1 General trends .193 10.2 Future of vehicle safety 194 10.3 Responsibility of the government authorities .195 10.4 A final remark196 10.5 References
29、196 Index 197 About the Authors.203 6374_book.indb 8 9/12/13 2:47 PMix Preface This book describes all areas of vehicle safety: accident avoidance, pre-crash tech- nologies, mitigation of injuries, and post-crash technologies. Special attention is given to driver assistance systems and to compatibi
30、lity between vehicles in car- to-car crashes as well as pedestrian protection. Several countries have achieved a high level of vehicle safety; however, more than 1.2 million fatalities still occur each year on roadways worldwide. These metrics indicate a continuing need to improve vehicle and road s
31、afety. New technologies in sensors and electronic control units and the growing knowl- edge of car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure technologies have fused the previously separate areas of accident avoidance (popularly known as “active safety”) and injury mitigation (popularly known as “passive safe
32、ty”) into the newer concept of “integrated vehicle safety.” This new approach represents a further step in reducing accident rates. In this book we detail a significant number of integrated vehicle safety solutions. We hope that this book will be useful for those who are interested in the complex fi
33、eld of automotive safety. In particular, experts from industry and academia, as well as students, can learn new details of vehicle safety engineering within the broad perspective of vehicle safety today. Both of us have many years of experience in the field of vehicle safety engineering in both indu
34、strial research and development (R new technologies will continue to increase road safety in the future. Installation rates of modern assistance systems need to be raised and awareness must be increased at both the end-user level (e.g., by national campaigns) and with original equipment manufacturin
35、g (OEM) personnel at the point of sale. Harmonized regulatory requirements, both functional and legal, in all markets will enhance the development and rollout of new technology. Quick wins, for example, separating vulnerable road users from vehicles, have great potential for road safety in developin
36、g countries. Data driven evaluations of the problem are essential before finding solutions; therefore, internationally harmonized in-depth accident research is needed. Seat belts, airbags, and electronic stability control (ESC) may comprise a basic set of required safety equipment for all markets; o
37、ptional “musts” depend on cost/benefit evaluations based on above approach. Question: Is the pace of modern living compatible with good traffic safety? Answers: Combining the strengths of both worlds (human and technology) can maximize the benefit and minimize the risk of enhanced safety. Although human behavior is the main causal factor for most accidents, tech- nology performance must be proven superior before it replaces the driver. To 6374_book.indb 2 9/12/13 2:47 PM
