1、Automotive TELEMATICS An Introduction into the Technical Aspects of Automotive Telematics with Reference to Business Model and User Needs Axel FuchsAutomotive Telematics An Introduction to the Technical Aspects of Automotive Telematics with Reference to Business Model and User Needs Axel Fuchs MOTOR
2、OLA Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, Pa. Copyright 2002 Motorola, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-7100-9All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordi
3、ng, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests, contact: SAE Permissions 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: permissionssae.org Fax: 724-772-4028 Tel: 724-772-4891 ISBN 0-7680-0976-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 20
4、01099451 Copyright 2002 Motorola, Inc. SAE Order No. T-105 Printed in the United States of America.Contents Executive Summary . .v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Value Chain and Business Model 5 Chapter 3 Telematics System View 13 End-to-End System 13 In-Vehicle System 15 Back-End Infrastructure
5、 21 Chapter 4 Enabling Technologies 25 Positioning and Location Technologies 25 Telematics Services Delivery Technologies 29 Networking and Protocols 39 Vehicle Communications 43 Audio and Speech Processing 44 Distributed Computing 46 Chapter 5 Services and Applications 49 Communications 49 Convenie
6、nce 53 Floating Car Data (FCD) 58 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 59 Product Feedback 62 ProductivityAsset Status Update 62 Infotainment 64 Safety and Security 65 Chapter 6 Telematics Products 69 Broadcast Systems 69 Two-Way Communications Systems 72 Safety and Security Systems 74 Fleet Manag
7、ement Systems 77 Connected Infotainment Systems 79 iiiChapter 7 Challenges and Future Research 85 Driver Distraction and Human-Machine Interface (HMI) 85 Life-Cycle Disparity 87 Communication Networks 87 Distributed Applications 89 Telematics-Assisted Safety Systems 91 Acknowledgments 93 References
8、95 List of Acronyms. 101 About the Author 107 ivExecutive Summary This book discusses automotive telematics from a technical perspec- tive, with reference to the business model and to the value for the user. Automotive telematics is a concept that combines telecom- munications and computing (informa
9、tics) technologies to connect vehicles to a communication infrastructure. This enables car manufacturers and service providers to provide services to consumers and commercial users by exchanging information among vehicle systems, attached consumer electron- ics devices, and telematics service center
10、s. The telematics market is in its infancy today, and many players are trying to determine the right business model in the quest for a big return on investment. Market forecasts suggest that telematics solutions will be a $20 billion global market by 2007. Since 1921, the automotive industry has dev
11、eloped technology to meet the needs for combining mobility with communications. In the 1930s, a car radio was enough to entertain people on the road, but in todays fast economy, approximately 69% of cellular phone calls are placed from cars. Tomorrow, a host of new voice- and data-communication-base
12、d services will be offered in the automobile to meet growing communication needs. It is very important to understand the value that each telematics service can provide for the consumer, the commercial user, the service provider, and the automaker. The consumer is primarily interested in safety, conv
13、enience, and entertainment, whereas the commercial user is focused on productivity and asset protection. The vehicle manufacturer is working to enhance its reach to customers, as well as to enhance diagnostics abilities and maintenance feed- back from deployed vehicles. The service provider wants to
14、 build a relation- ship with the consumer and generate additional content. To provide these services, a complex value chain is needed, consisting of content providers, device manufacturers, application developers, system integrators, network operators, service providers, and vehicle manufacturers. V
15、Telematics systems are complex and require synchronization of systems and devices that originally were not designed to work together. The end-to-end system framework has three main entities: the in-vehicle system, the infra- structure, and the service center with its voice and data portals. These en
16、ti- ties provide critical capabilities, such as wireless communication, positioning, and application computing. They work together through well-defined com- munication protocols and system interfaces. Telematics services are based on a variety of enabling technologies, including satellite-based posi
17、tioning, cellular communications, digital broadcast, multimedia communication buses, audio and speech processing, distributed computing, wireless local area networks (WLAN) such as IEEE 802.11, and wireless personal area networks (WPAN) such as Bluetooth. Telematics services fall into the categories
18、 of communications, convenience, customer relationship management (CRM), infotainment, product feedback, productivity, and safety and security. For each service that a provider wants to offer, a use case is needed to describe how a user interacts with the system and to identify which stakeholders an
19、d system entities are involved. Sce- narios that explicitly outline the logical flow of events required to deliver a service characterize each use case. Telematics products fall into the categories of broadcast systems and con- nected systems. Autonomous systems that provide content to the vehicle t
20、hrough packaged data, such as DVD, CD, flash-memory, or hard drives, are not considered in this category because they do not require a connection to a service center or other source of information through a communication link. Broadcast systems can receive content through a broadcast channel but can
21、not initiate a connection to a service center. Typical products in the broadcast systems category are digital music broadcast receivers and enhanced autonomous navigation systems, which use up-to-date traffic infor- mation broadcast to improve the value of route guidance. Connected sys- tems provide
22、 two-way voice and data communication. This category includes hands-free integrated phones, safety and security products, fleet management systems, and infotainment systems. Connected telematics systems allow the telematics service provider to offer highly customized services with real-time interact
23、ive responses to consumers and commercial users. viMultitudes of telematics products exist today, and new technologies increase driving safety and reduce driver distraction. However, challenges remain in the areas of human-machine interfaces (HMI), life-cycle disparity between consumer electronics a
24、nd automotive electronics, and seamless service deliv- ery over a variety of communication channels. Significant usability research and human factors design efforts are targeting the optimization of the human- machine interaction. Plug-and-play technology, such as Bluetooth wireless connectivity, or
25、 standardized vehicle buses aim to minimize the life-cycle disparity. Other research activities focus on the integration of cellular commu- nications, broadcast networks, and ad hoc networks. In addition, distributed computing technologies are giving consideration to the issue of enhanced service de
26、livery. Finally, automakers want to marry telematics with other safety and convenience systems in cars. For instance, new research is explor- ing the use of positioning capabilities coupled with digital maps for equipping onboard safety systems with location awareness, vehicle-to-vehicle communi- ca
27、tion, and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. viiChapter 1 Introduction The word “telematics“ is derived from TELEcommunication and inforMATICS (information technology). Telematics combines the power of information technology with advanced telecommunication technologies. Telematics technology i
28、s used across many fields. For example, fixed telem- etry devices such as water and gas consumption meters may process data and wirelessly transmit consumption information to a billing office, while remote sensors (e.g., weather stations or traffic sensors) wirelessly transmit their information to a
29、 central control center. Automotive telematics systems connect vehicles to a communication infra- structure to provide services to users. This involves exchanging information among vehicle systems, attached consumer electronic devices, and telematics service centers. Vehicular communications started
30、 in 1921 with experimental radio telegraph installations. Since Motorolas invention of the first AM car radio in the 1930s, peoples desires to have information delivered to their cars and to have the ability to communicate with others outside their vehicles have increased steadily. In the late 1930s
31、, Motorola installed the first mobile communication radios in police cars, using modified car broadcast radio designs. In 1942, two-way capability began to be added to most police cars in most regions. In 1947, the Citizen Band (CB) radio was created in the 27 MHz band. Since the early 1950s, the CB
32、 radio has brought mobile wireless communication to the consumer, allowing drivers to communicate with nearby vehicles. Telematics-like applications were developed as early as 1967, when General Motors Research Laboratories presented its CB-radio-based Driver Aid Information Radio System (DAIR), and
33、 Ford presented its Ford Radio Alert system 1, 2. 1During the 1980s and 1990s, global research drove telematics closer to products. In December 1984, the European Parliament sponsored back- ground studies about current and future developments in informatics and telecommunications in order to investi
34、gate their potential application for road and vehicle safety. The European DRIVE (Dedicated Road Infrastruc- ture for Vehicle Safety in Europe) telematics research program started in June 1988, and between 1989 and 1992, 72 research projects were con- ducted. The new global positioning system (GPS)
35、and global system for mobile communication (GSM) technologies became the main drivers for innovation 3. The European research programs continued through 1998 under the Fourth European Community (EC) Research and Development Framework Program. In 1991, the European Road Transport Telematics Implement
36、ation Coordination (ERTICO) was established as a public/private partnership for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in Europe. Today, it facilitates telematics research and development activities in Europe 4. In the United States, although most of the smart highway and intelligent vehicle techn
37、ologies first were suggested in the 1960s, the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) research did not begin to gain momentum until the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) was passed by Congress in 1991 5. IVHS developed a range of smart car and smart high- way technologies
38、to improve the safety, efficiency, and environmental friendli- ness of the highway system. Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) focused on the development and field testing of telematics services such as dynamic route guidance systems (DRGS) or emergency call services. Examples of these fiel
39、d trials are the ADVANCE program in the Chicago area and the Travtek program in Florida, which both provided dynamic route guidance to a variety of vehicles 6, 7. In 1994, the IVHS program was renamed the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program. ITS America is a public/private partnership w
40、ith more than 750 members from federal, state, and local governments, private industry, major universities and research insti- tutions, and related transportation associations 8. Today, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) and ITS America facilitate research and development of tel
41、ematics technologies in the United States. In Japan, the Vehicle, Road, and Traffic Intelligence Society (VERTIS) was launched in January 1994, in response to the developments in Europe and North America 9. 2By 1989, Bosch Blaupunkt developed the first GPS-based autonomous navi- gation system. In 19
42、96, Ford and Motorola launched the first telematics product, which supported the Lincoln RESCU service provided by ATX Technologies. Today, General Motors has shipped more than 2 million vehicles with On-Star telematics systems. Market research firms predict that the world telematics market will gro
43、w exponentially in the next decade. Today, approximately 69% of mobile phone calls are placed from cars, according to a personal wireless communi- cations user survey conducted by IDC in 2000. By 2006, recurring annual service revenues for satellite-based digital audio radio systems (SDARS) are proj
44、ected to exceed $4 billion, according to an Allied Business Intelligence (ABI) study, “The Digital Car: A Strategic View of Global In-Vehicle Com- munications Technologies and Next-Generation Telematics Systems.“ According to ARC Groups “Automotive and Freight Telematics“ strategic report, the world
45、 market for in-vehicle telematics systems will grow from the current total of 3 million units in 2001 to more than 50 million units by 2005. Strategy Analytics forecasts that by the end of 2007, the market for telematics terminals across North America, Western Europe, and Japan will be worth approxi
46、mately $20 billion, rising from $5 billion at the end of 2000. 3Chapter 2 Value Chain and Business Model The telematics business model ultimately drives the services, the use cases, the feature set, and the end-to-end systems design. Therefore, it is important to understand who participates in the b
47、usiness model for what use case, as well as the needs of each system user. The system users are the consumer, the commercial user, the vehicle manufacturer, and the service provider. Figure 2.1 shows the main utility areas where the value chain can provide services to fulfill users needs. The consum
48、ers needs include the following: The ability to communicate hands-free in the car environment. This feature is driven by existing and pending regulations in several countries and states, which restrict the use of mobile phones in the car environment. The demand for enhanced safety and security throu
49、gh fast-response emergency services, as well as asset protection. The consumer values telematics safety services in the same way that he or she values the air bag as a basic life-saving feature. Convenience services that provide the consumer with all types of relevant information, such as directions, traffic information, points- of-interest information, hotel reservations, and roadside assistance. Infotainment services that help the consumer to enjoy the trip. These services can range from news, sports, and business information to books on tape and audio enter
