1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. SABS 0120 : Part 5 Section LD-1982 Sewers Clause 1 . 1.1 2 . 2 . 1 . 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 3 . 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3 .
4、1 . 8 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 4 . 4.1 4.2 PART 5 : CONTRACT AUMTNlSTRATION SECTION IoD CONTENTS Page Number START OF CONSTRUCTION 1 General 1 IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE HANDING OVER OF THE SITE . 1 Preliminary Planning . 1 Provision of materials . 1 Access roads 1 Verification of quantities before ordering
5、 . 1 Availability of data for ordering materials 1 Latest date for data 1 DURING CONSTRUCTION . 1 Methods of Construction 1 Site handling 1 Caulked joints not permitted . 1 . Mechanically flexible joints 1 . Preparation for laying 1 . Lowering and placing 1 . Jointing 1 Manholes . 2 Infiltration at
6、manholes . 2 Administration . 2 Site handling 2 Tools and equipment ready for laying 2 Field testing 2 . QUALITY CONTROL AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 3 General . 3 Disputes. Mediotions. Arbitrations. and Court Cases 3 First Revision November 1982 This section of the code supersedes SABS 0120 : Port 5 :
7、Section LD-1980 Approved by the COUNClL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS SABS 0120 : Part 5 Section LU-1982 Sewers SARS l200 LD : SEWERS NOTE: The clause numher(s) given at the beginning or after the heading of a clause is/are, unless otherwise stated, the number(s) of the relevant clause(s)
8、 of SABS 1200 LD. START OF CONSTRUCTION GENERAL. For the purpose of this part of the code, contract administratiorl starts with instructions to the contractor to commence work as set out in Subclause 4.1 of Section 0. JMMEDIATEI,Y AFTbR TIIE HANDING OVER OP TllE SITE PRELIMINARY PLANNING Provision o
9、f Materials. The provision, on time, of materials such as pipes arid specials is the primc responsibility of the contractor. Lead-time may be required by the manufacturer for the supply of the required quantities of pipes, specials (fittings), and joints oi various sizes. The contractor should check
10、 the availability and delivery periods at the earliest possible date and issue the necessary orders and delivery instructions in good time. (See also 2.1.4 and 2.1.5 bclow.) Access Roads. If pipes are to be delivered by road, the contractor should ensure that access roads are - suitable for trucks o
11、f gross mass 25 000 kg. Verification of: Quantities before Ordering. In terms of Clauses 8, 17, and 57 of the General conditjon? -p of contract (if applicable, see Subclause 1.3.1 of Section A of Part 3 of the code) the contractor is at - risk if he orders materials on the assumption that the quanti
12、ties given in the schedule of quantities are correct, because all items in the schedule are subject to remeasurement in the “as-built“ state. Materials ordered but not used are not part of the contract. Availability of Data-for Ordering MateriaGs_. In view of 2.1.1 and 2.1.3 above the engineer must,
13、 immediately after the award of the contract, provide adequate drawings and other data from which the contractor can extract total quantities for both bulk items and small quantities of specials, particularly non-standard specials and fittings. Latest Date for D*. If the engineer is unable to provid
14、e the drawinys and other data referred to in 2.1.4 above, he should hold early discussions with the contractor with a view to learning delivery lead-times and agreeing on the latest date for the provision of data and, if necessary, adjusting the program for the works. DURING CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF
15、CONSTRUCTION Site Band*. Care should be taken not to damage the pipes in any way when they art? handled. They - should be lowered into the trench, not dropped. When coated pipes are handled by mechanical mans, soft packing should be placed between the slings and the pipes to prevent damage to the pr
16、otective coating. Special attention should be paid to the ends of pipes and fittings as the presenc of cracks, chips, projections, or dirt may cause leakage at the joints. The manufacturers istructions for the handling and stacking of pipes should be strictly observed. Articles that have been so cla
17、maged that they cannot be repaired on the site should be rejected and removed from the site. Coatod pipes and fittings should be examined for damage to the coating, and any oinc or fittina that has a maior coatina defect should be returned to the fact.orv to be recoated. * - Caulked Joints not Permi
18、tted (see also Subclause 2.2.3 of Section LD of Part 3 oi the code). Caulked joints are not permitt.ed in terms of SABS 1200 ID because a) such joints are rigid; b) cement-hnsed mortora are subject to attack by sewage; c) the caulking operation requires considerable skill on the part of the pipelaye
19、r. If, notwithstanding the requirements of SABS 1200 LD, caulked joints are permitted in terms of the contract, thev should not be tested until at least 24 h after the ioints have been made. Mechanically Flexible Joints. The following mechatiically flexible joints are available: - we of joint Nomina
20、l diameter of pipe . Rolling rubber ring 100 mm . Elastomeric spigot and socket 150-450 mm . Sleeve and elastomeric spigot 150-450 mm Jointirlg sleeve and gaskets for plain-ended pipes 100-150 mm Freparation for-rit (Subclause 5.2). All pipes, and vitrified clay pipes in particular, require careful
21、handling at the trench where there is a possibility of damage because of the activity in this area. When a plain-ended pipe or fitting is used, the pipe or fitting should hc placed on a clean firm base with the end to be jointed uppermost. The surface of the cnd of the pipe or fitting should be clea
22、ned and, except in the case of a rolling- rubber-ring type joint, the jointing lubricant provided by the manufacturer applied. After the coupling has been checked to ensure that it is not damaged in any way, it should be pushed firmly on to the lubricated end of the pipe or fitting until the interna
23、l separating ring rests against the end of the pipe. Lowcring and Placing (Subclauses 5.2 and 5.3). Pipes should be handled or lowered by sling into the trench and not rolled or dropped into it. Laying should commence at the lower end of the line with the socket or sleeve up-grade (i.e. the spigot p
24、ointing in the direction of flow). Thc first pipe should be checked for line and level and so staked that it is held rigidly in place during laying. After (when relevant) the flexible joints have been lubricated, the second pipe should be pushed home. Particular care should be taken during this oper
25、ation to ensure that no sand or stones enter the joint. Suitable end caps should be used to prevent foreign matter from entering the pipes. Jointin%. Where a rolling rubber ring is used, it should be so seated on the spigot end of the second pipe that it is not twisted or skew. This spigot should th
26、en be brought carefully into line with the socket of the previously laid pipe, slowly pushed into the socket so that the rubber ring engages the socket evenly, and then forced right home. If the pipe has been correctly joillted there will be no skidding or kickback. Poured bituminous jointiny and mo
27、rtar joj.nting should not be used for vitrified clay and concrete pipes because these result in rigid joints and thus a totally rigid pipeline. SRBS 0120 r Part 5 2 Section LD-1982 Sewers When pipes are being jointed, care should be taken to ensure that the joint gaps in the beddinrj are kept clear
28、and that the alignment of the pipes remains true. Where it is necessary to construct a mortar joint in a flexible pipeline, the lengths of the p.rpes so jointed should be such that the overall flexibility of the line is not greatly affected. Where a proper pipe cutter is not available, asbestos ceme
29、nt and pitch-impregnated fibre pipes should be cut with a coarse-tooth saw and plastics pipes with a fine-tooth saw. Manholes Connections to Manholes (Subclause 5.4). Where practicable, in order to avoid breakages where? sewers - connect into manholes, the pipe should be laid in position, but should
30、 not be jointed until the completion of the manhole up to the cover-slab levcl. Manhole bases and benching. Prescribed mix 20 concrete as required in terms of Drawing LD-3 0: SABS 1200 - LD can generally be produced by the mixing of cement, sand, and stone in the proportions 1:2:4 (by volume) , resp
31、ectively. Step irons in precast manholes (Subclause 5.6.5). Where cast iron step irons are required in precast manholes in terms of the drawings or the schedule, they should be inserted in previously formed coreholes in the walls and carefully caulked in position with 1:2 cement mortar of semi-dry c
32、onsistency well rammed in. The coreholes should be tapered towards the inside of the manhole by at least 5 and should have a minimum diameter of 50 mm. Infiltration at Manholes General. Althouqh the engineer has a prime responsibility to design and specify to minimize infiltration, his success depen
33、ds on the care exercised by the contractor. Provision of flexible joints. The connection between a pipe and a manhole is a weak point at which pipe - breakage and infiltration could occur durinq the currency of a contract. (The contract would siormally include liability for latent defects.) It is es
34、sential that maximum flexibility be achieved at this point. Drawing LD-2 of SABS 1200 LD provides for a flexible joint at the manhole and1 another st a distance of 0,s-3 m from the manhole, depending on the size of the pipe. Particular care should be taken over the proper fixing of these two joints
35、to ensure flexibility. Joints in precast concrete manholes. In the case of precast concrete manholes, dry caulking bstween - successive rings after the manhole has been constructed should not be regarded as an approved lneans of rendering the joints watertight because it is a labour-consuming operat
36、ion that is difficult t:, carry out properly and still more difficult to supervise and to rectify if it fails. The use of a polyurethane cement or a suitable bitumastic filler should be regarded as an apprved means and these materials should be applied as follows: The polyurethane cement or bitumast
37、ic filler is trowelled onto the top of each ring immediately before the next ring is placed. After the next ring is placed, the cement or filler in the joint is trowelled off smooth. The surfaces adjacent to the joint are primed and a self-adhesive tape is then applied over the joint. NOTE a) Both a
38、 polyurethane cement and a bitumastic filler will remain plastic and bond to the concrete. b) Dampness is no problem when the polyurethane cement is applied but, in the case of the bitusastic filler, the surfaces should be dry and should be primed before the filler is placed. Rings should also be dr
39、y when the primer and tape are applied. Plastering of brick manholes. In the case of brick manholes, internal or external plastering or both, as relevant, should be closely supervised to ensure that it is carried out strictly in accordance with the requirements given in the project specification. Pr
40、ovision of granular bedding. Another source of infiltration is water running down the granular bedding - underneath the pipes. Where the engineer has made provision to deal with this source by providing for the granular bedding to be carried round the outside of the manhole by the method shown on Dr
41、awing LD-3.1 of Section LD of Part 3 of the code, or by a similar method, the contractor will be entitled to payment for excavation of the manhole the volume of which is computed from the dimensions of the outside of the bedding zound the base instead of from the dimensions of the manhole base, as s
42、pecified in Subclausr 8.2.5 of SABS 1200 LD. The engineer should include a clause in the project specification to deal with this matter. (See also Subclause 2.2.9 of Section LD of Part 3 of the code.) AL)MINISTRATION Site Handling. Sewer pipes require careful handling and for this reason it is neces
43、:sary to have an .- off-loadinq site which is reasonably level and free from boulders. The contractor should ensure that a responsible person is always on hand at the off-loading site and the duties of this person should include a) the supervision of the off-loading of pipes; b) the initial inspecti
44、on of pipes, which involves checking for chipped or cracked pipes and checking the condition of factory-applied joints; and c) the signing and endorsing of waybills and delivery notes. (It is most important that the ranufacturer be notified of damaged pipes by return of waybill.) When pipes are deli
45、vered by rail, the acceptance procedure that is stated on the manufacturers delivery notes should be followed. This is particularly necessary if delays in replacing damaged pipes are to be obviated. Provided that the trenches are ready, the pipes should be placed alongside the trenches, away from th
46、e excavated material. If the trenches are not ready, the pipes should be carefully stacked in such a manner thay they will not be damaged when the trenches are excavated. Rubber rings and lubricating compounds should be kept in a cool dark dry place. Tools and Equipment Ready for Laying. The necessa
47、ry tools and equipment such as pipe cutters, pipe trimmers for removing sharp edges from pipe ends, and suitable brushes and cloths for cleanincl, should be available on site before pipelaying commences. Field Testing (Clause 7) - General. The correct urocedure for field testina is simnle to carrv o
48、ut and will obviate needless argument if carried out at the right stages. Air testing has become the accepted field test as it is convenient and cheap. It is, however, only an indication of the acceptability of a sewer because there is no cocrelation between air loss and water leakage. As the functi
49、on of a sewer is to carry liquids and not air, the deciding test in cases of doubt should be a water test. SABS 0120 : Part 5 Section LD-1982 Sewers 3.2.3.2 -merit and procedures. The requirements of Clause 4 of Section LD of Part 3 of the code should be appl led. 4. QUALITY CONTROL AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 GENERAL. Apply the relevant recommendations of SABS 0157) to the construction of sewers. 4.2 DISPUTES, MEDIATIONS, ARBITRATIONS, AND COURT CASES. See Subclause 5.1 of Section LB of Part 3 of the code, because a failure such as that described may lead to a dispute
