1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21238-4 SANS 1099:2008Edition 1.5Any reference to SABS 1099 is deemedto be a reference to this standard(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 No
4、vember 2002)SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Hardwood furniture timber Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag x191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt
5、1 1979 Amended to change the requirements for permissible bow. Amdt 2 1980 Amended to change the requirement for the minimum density of hardwood furniture timber. Amdt 3 1982 Amended to change the requirements for permissible knots and to update the definition of “acceptable”. Amdt 4 1984 Amended to
6、 change the requirements for preservative treatment. Amdt 5 2008 Amended to change the designation of SABS standards to SANS standards, to update the definition of “acceptable“, to delete a footnote in the table on permissible defects (table 1), to change a requirement for preservative treatment, an
7、d to update referenced standards. Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 1008B, Sawn timber and semi-manufactured timber products Non-structural timber, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT ag
8、reement. This document was published in September 2008. This document supersedes SABS 1099:1976 (first edition, reprint 1990). A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No. 5. SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 1 Preface This specification supplies informa
9、tion concerning the grades of the wood of both indigenous and exotic trees suitable for the manufacture of furniture. The main purpose in grading wood is to establish and maintain acceptable standards of evaluation irrespective of the source of the wood, so that a given grade will set a standard tha
10、t can be used as a basis on which to contract. The determination of the grade rests largely on visual examination, by which means an experienced grader can normally achieve sufficiently accurate results. In doubtful cases, however, careful verification by physical measuring and weighing may be neces
11、sary. The grading of timber, depending as it does on empirical assessment made at production tempo, is not looked upon as an exact science. Experience in South Africa has shown that a variation of about 5 % between the grading of two graders is reasonable, and this should be accepted as the degree o
12、f variation in timber grading. Hardness and strength are both related to density, and where these properties are important, timber of density exceeding 600 kg/m3(0,600 g/cm3) at a 12 % (m/m) moisture content should be used. Where hardness and strength are not essential (as in inside and decorative w
13、ork), wood of a density as low as 450 kg/m3may be used to advantage. The grades set out in this specification are based on dry wood, i.e. wood of which the moisture content does not exceed 12 % in dry regions and 15 % in high-moisture regions. Before rough-sawn timber is converted into furniture, th
14、e manufacturer should ensure that the wood has been seasoned to a moisture content that will be in equilibrium with the surroundings in which the manufactured article is to be used. It will be in the interests of a furniture manufacturer to acquire the necessary instruments to measure moisture conte
15、nt. To prevent warping of furniture after manufacture, care should be taken during the seasoning process to prevent the development of seasoning stresses and a high moisture gradient in the seasoned timber. The sapwood of most hardwood timbers is subject to attack by the larvae of various species of
16、 beetle during the period when the timber is being air-seasoned after sawing, and also during storage; both the sapwood of maculata (Eucalyptus maculata) and that of kiaat (Pterocarpus angolensis) are for instance particularly liable to attack. To protect the sapwood of hardwoods during air-seasonin
17、g and subsequent storage, the freshly sawn boards should be immersed in (or thoroughly sprayed with) a suitable insecticide. Timber treated in this way should be block-stacked for 48 h before being open-stacked in the seasoning stacks. This treatment serves only to arrest attack up to the time of ma
18、nufacture and cannot be regarded as a permanent preservative treatment. However, if the wood is free from all stages of beetle infestation at the time of manufacture, it is unlikely that it will be infested later. This specification applies to the condition of the wood at the time of dispatch, and d
19、oes not cover deterioration brought about by unfavourable conditions during transportation and storage. SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 2 Contents Page Foreword Preface 1 1 Scope 3 2 Definitions . 3 3 Requirements 4 4 Packing and marking . 9 5 Sampling and compliance with the specification 10 6 Inspectio
20、n and methods of test 11 Appendix A Applicable standards . 16 Appendix B Notes to purchasers 16 Appendix C 17 Appendix D 24 SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 3 Hardwood furniture timber 1 Scope 1.1 This specification covers three basic grades (i.e. clear grade, semi-clear grade and knotty grade) of rough-s
21、awn hardwood timber and timber derived from trees of the Podocarpus spp., of density (at a moisture content of 12 % (m/m) at least 400 kg/m3, and intended for use in the manufacture of furniture. It also covers pieces of cutting grade from which at least one smaller piece of one of the basic grades
22、can be cut. Amdt 2 NOTE a) The standards referred to in the specification are listed in appendix A. b) Requirements that must be specified by the purchaser, and those that must be agreed upon are listed in appendix B. c) Information about the properties of some hardwood timbers is given in appendice
23、s C and D. 2 Definitions 2.1 For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply: Amdt 5 acceptable acceptable to the authority administering the standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase contract, as relevant Amdt 3; amdt 5 board piece of timber of rectangular cro
24、ss-section, of width at least 75 mm, of thickness not exceeding 76 mm, and of which the width is at least three times the thickness cross fracture compression break visible separation of, or a line of collapse of, the wood elements across the grain due to the compressive strength of the timber havin
25、g been exceeded at some stage NOTE The separation may be clearly distinguishable as a gap in the wood, or difficult to distinguish as irregular white lines across the wood. Such wood is characterized by extreme brashness. cutting grade grade of timber supplied as boards that have not been edged or c
26、ross-cut to remove defects, but that have been marked with lines that indicate the sawing necessary to obtain one or more pieces of timber of a basic grade SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 4 defective piece of timber that fails in one or more respects to comply with the relevant requirements of the specif
27、ication density mass per unit volume expressed in kg/m3or g/cm3general slope of grain slope of grain, as observed over a distance of at least 600 mm, on the face that is furthest from the pith and reasonably tangential to a growth ring lot at least 51 and not more than 10 000 pieces of timber of the
28、 same grade, species, and nominal thickness, from one manufacturer, submitted at any one time for inspection and testing permissible mechanical damage defect caused by mechanical action, and of which the deleterious effect does not exceed that of a permissible defect semi-square section rectangular
29、cross-section in which the longer dimension is less than three times the shorter one sound knot knot that is free from decay and insect damage, and is attached along at least two-thirds of its periphery to the surrounding wood on the face (or faces) where it occurs, and that may contain not more tha
30、n three checks, each of width not exceeding 2 mm sound splay knot sound knot of which the length exceeds three times the width (both dimensions measured on the face on which the knot occurs) 3 Requirements 3.1 Species Hardwood furniture timber shall be of the species (that may include Podocarpus spp
31、.) specified by the purchaser. 3.2 Grade The timber shall be of clear grade, semi-clear grade, or knotty grade, as specified by the purchaser, or, when the supply of cutting grade is agreed upon between supplier and purchaser, of clear grade cutting, semi-clear grade cutting, or knotty grade cutting
32、, as required by the purchaser. 3.3 Grade requirements for basic grades 3.3.1 Defects not allowed Pieces of hardwood furniture timber shall be free from a) cross fracture (compression breaks), b) decay other than decay in knots (see table 1), c) insect damage other than that caused by bark borers an
33、d pinhole borers (see table 1), SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 5 d) clearly defined tension wood that is not confined to a local area around a knot, e) pith and any adjacent defective wood, f) splits other than end splits, and g) honeycombing. NOTE As honeycombing does not extend to the end of a piece u
34、nless it has been cross-cut after seasoning, checking for honeycombing can be done only after cross-cutting the piece at a position at least 150 mm away from an end. 3.3.2 Permissible defects When inspected in accordance with 6.1, no piece of hardwood furniture timber shall contain more than a combi
35、nation of the appropriate maxima of the defects laid down in table 1, and of permissible mechanical damage. 3.4 Grade requirements for cutting grade a) In the case of a cutting grade each portion of a piece of timber that is intended for use shall be defined by lines drawn (an acceptable lumber cray
36、on being used) at right angles to and, where necessary, parallel to the length of the piece. The removal of a portion intended to be discarded shall not involve deep cutting, and each such portion shall be marked by diagonal lines that form a cross of acceptable size. b) Each portion intended for us
37、e shall comply with the requirements of 3.3 applicable to the corresponding basic grade with which it is marked (see 4.2). c) No piece of cutting grade shall be marked to contain more than one basic grade or more than two portions to be discarded. d) The intended length, in metres, and the intended
38、width, in millimetres, shall be marked on each graded portion. 3.5 Dimensions The nominal dimensions of pieces of basic grade (and of the graded portions of cutting grade material) shall, subject to the tolerances given in 3.6, be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier, subject to the following
39、provisos: a) Thickness. The nominal thickness of board material shall not exceed 76 mm. b) Width of board material. The nominal width of board material shall be at least 75 mm. c) Length. The nominal length of each piece of basic grade (or graded portion of cutting grade material) shall be at least
40、0,9 m. 3.6 Tolerances on dimensions The following tolerances on nominal dimensions shall apply: a) Length. Plus 150 mm (no minus tolerance shall be allowed). b) Width. Plus 10 mm (unless otherwise specified by the purchaser); minus 3 mm. SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 6 c) Thickness. Plus 5 mm; minus 1
41、mm. 3.7 Squareness Out-of-squareness shall be allowed provided that it will be eliminated when the timber is dressed to the relevant minimum size (based on the nominal size and the minus tolerances laid down in 3.6). SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 7 Table 1 Permissible defects on (except where otherwise
42、 stated or where inconsistent with the nature of the defect) the worst two adjacent faces of boards, and on the worst face of pieces of square and semi-square cross-section 1 2 3 4 Extent, max. Defect Clear grade Semi-clear grade Knotty grade Discoloration in sapwood (other than superficial mould) N
43、il Nil Light Sapwood Nil+ of surface area+ of surface area+Sound burrs Not limited Not limited Not limited Pinhole borer holes in the worst 1 m length of piece (and in the piece in the case of pieces of length less than 1 m) Nil 10 holes 15 holes Gum veins a) Open b) Tight Nil Nil Nil Not limited Ni
44、l Not limited End splits: Sum of lengths# Width of face on which splits occur Checks a) Width, in pieces of thickness 1) less than 50 mm 2) at least 50 mm 1 mm 1, 5 mm 1 mm 1, 5 mm 1 mm 1, 5 mm b) Sum of lengths in the worst 1 m length of piece (and in the piece in the case of a piece of length less
45、 than 1 m): In pieces, of thickness 1) not exceeding 50 mm 2) greater than 50 mm 130 mm 250 mm 130 mm 250 mm 250 mm 500 mm General slope of grain 1 in 10 1 in 10 1 in 7 Wane a) In pieces of length not exceeding 4,2 m b) In pieces of length greater than 4,2 m .Nil Nil Nil Depth Width Sum of lengths N
46、il Nil Nil 6 mm 30 mm length of piece 6 mm 30 mm length of piece Warp: Per 1 m length of piece (and pro rata for fractions of 1 m) a) Twist b) Bow 1 1 2 1) In boards of nominal thickness 25 mm or less 2) In other boards 3) In pieces of semi-square section 6 mm 4 mm 3 mm 6 mm 4 mm 3 mm 8 mm 6 mm 4 mm
47、 SANS 1099:2008 Edition 1.5 8 Table 1 (concluded) 1 2 3 4 Extent, max. Defect Clear grade Semi-clear grade Knotty grade c) Spring 1) In pieces of length not exceeding 3,0 m 2) In pieces of length greater than 3,0 m 3 mm 4 mm 3 mm 4 mm 4 mm 5 mm d) Cup Nil Nil Nil Knots (other than sound knots of dia
48、meter not exceeding 6 mm) and knot-cavities* in the worst 500 mm length of piece * a) Sound round and oval knots: Individual size 1) On a face (other than an edge of a board) 2) On an edge of a board Nil Nil width of face width of edge width of face width of edge b) Sound splay knots Number Size Nil
49、 Nil 1 width of face c) Dead knots, decayed knots, loose knots, and knot-cavities+1) Individual size 2) Sum of sizes Nil Nil 30 mm 60 mm 30 mm+60 mm+d) Sum of sizes of all knots and knot-cavities Nil width of widest face width of widest face + Where sapwood can be obviously recognized and unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. # Provided that not more than 25 % of the number of pieces in a lot shall contain end splits. Other than checks, wane, and cup that will be eliminated when the cross-sectional dimensions are reduced (by dre
