1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22244-4 SANS 1169:2008Edition 1.1Any reference to SABS 1169 is deemedto be a reference to this standard(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 No
4、vember 2002)SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Temporary stands Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt 1 2008 Ame
5、nded to change the designation of SABS standards to SANS standards, with no technical changes. Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 214, Access equipment, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TB
6、T agreement. This document was published in December 2008. This document supersedes SABS 1169:1978 (first edition). SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 1 Contents Page Foreword 1 Scope 3 2 Definitions . 3 3 Design . 4 3.1 General requirements 4 3.2 Load requirements . 8 4 Construction 9 4.1 Foundations . 9 4
7、.2 Standards 9 4.3 Ledgers . 9 4.4 Decking . 9 4.5 Guard rails . 9 4.6 Transoms . 9 4.7 Tubes and tube fittings 9 4.8 Bracing 10 4.9 Foot ties . 10 4.10 Workmanship . 10 Appendix A Applicable standards . 11 SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 2 This page is intentionally left blank SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1
8、 3 Temporary stands 1 Scope 1.1 This specification covers the requirements for the design and erection of temporary stands that provide seating or standing accommodation for spectators. Requirements for access to and egress from the stands are also covered. NOTE The titles of standards referred to b
9、y number in the specification are given in appendix A. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply: aisle a passage at right angles to and next to or between grouped seats and leading to an exit, a gangway, or a longitudinal walkway approved approved by
10、 the authority having jurisdiction over the enforcement or application of the requirements of the specification base-plate a plate used to distribute the load from a standard or raker bay the space defined by two adjacent transverse rows of standards brace a diagonal member of a stand that is so att
11、ached to other members as to afford stability (in a desired plane) to the stand coupler a fitting that so grips the external surfaces of two members as to secure them together exit a point of egress that opens directly into a safe dispersal area or an unobstructed lane foot tie a horizontal member d
12、esigned to restrain movement of the lower end of a standard guard rail a member incorporated in a stand to safeguard users from falling off SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 4 hand rail a member incorporated in a stand to guide and assist the movement of people ledger a member that spans a stand horizontal
13、ly and ties it longitudinally, and that may also act as a support for putlogs or transoms lift the height from the ground or floor to the lowest ledger, or the vertical distance between adjacent ledgers, as relevant promoter the individual or organization that commissions the erection of the tempora
14、ry stand putlog coupler a non-load-bearing (positioning) coupler used to secure a putlog or transom to a ledger raker an inclined load-bearing member right-angle coupler a coupler (other than a putlog coupler) used for connecting structural members at right angles sole-plate a timber or other suppor
15、t of adequate size and strength, used between a base-plate and the ground to distribute the load standard a vertical supporting member temporary stand an assembly of prefabricated, or other components that are designed for ready and periodic erection, dismantling, and transport, and intended for the
16、 provision of temporary seating or standing accommodation for persons transom a member that spans a structure horizontally and ties it transversely, and that may also support decking 3 Design 3.1 General requirements 3.1.1 Approval of design No work in connection with the erection of a temporary sta
17、nd shall be commenced unless the plans and specifications have been approved. 3.1.2 Approval of construction The construction of a temporary stand shall be approved before its initial use; in addition, maintenance of compliance with the specification shall be checked within 36 h before each subseque
18、nt use by thorough visual examinations by an authorized inspector1). 1) The inspector should pay particular attention to compliance with the requirements for freedom from obstructions and fire hazards (see 3.1.11(b), and 3.1.15), the efficiency of lights and signs (see 3.1.14), the stability and ali
19、gnment of hand and guard rails, the condition of all components of the stand, and the workmanship (see 4.10). SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 5 3.1.3 Accessibility All temporary stands shall be so sited that there is at all times ample and unrestricted access to open spaces2). 3.1.4 Location No temporary
20、 stand shall be erected on any other structure unless such a structure is of adequate strength (as determined by a professional engineer) to safely support the additional loads involved. 3.1.5 Capacity3)The maximum capacity of any temporary stand shall be based on the number of fixed seats, each of
21、at least 475 mm width, plus an allowance of one person for each 0,3 m2of floor area designated or intended as standing space. The floor area of stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways, and other spaces within structures or enclosures used for access or circulation shall not be considered in computing the
22、 capacity of a stand. 3.1.6 Seating a) The height of a seat above its footrest shall be at least 250 mm. b) In the case of seats without backrests, the horizontal centre-to-centre distance between consecutive rows shall be at least 675 mm. c) Seats with backrests shall have a depth of at least 350 m
23、m, measured along the horizontal surface of the seat, the horizontal centre-to-centre distance between consecutive rows shall be at least 750 mm, and the horizontal clearance between the backrests and the seats in consecutive rows shall be at least 300 mm. d) Individual seats and chairs shall be per
24、mitted only if firmly secured in rows in an approved manner, except that seats placed on a level floor in a railed-in enclosure or in a box need not be anchored, if they do not exceed 16 in number. 3.1.7 Decking Temporary stands shall be decked with timber boards or other approved material designed
25、to meet load requirements and fixed in such a manner as, to provide effectively continuous and safe walking and sitting surfaces free of significant holes, gaps, or surface irregularities. 3.1.8 Aisles a) A temporary stand that has seats with backrests or a railing or guard, between tiers (or both)
26、shall have aisles that are so located that no seat in a row has more than 16 seats between itself and the nearest aisle. b) The clear width of each aisle shall be at least 900 mm if the aisle serves seats on one side only, and at least 1 200 mm if the aisle serves seats on both sides. c) If the grad
27、ient of an aisle that serves seats on both sides exceeds 15 %, the aisle shall have a hand rail that runs down the centre of the aisle. 2) This condition shall not interfere with the need of the stand to be protected from vehicle impact. 3) It is, of course, the responsibility of the promoter to ens
28、ure that the design capacity is not exceeded in use. SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 6 d) When the difference between the levels of the footrests in successive rows of seats exceeds 300 mm, the adjacent aisles shall have over their full width intermediate steps of height not exceeding 225 mm and such as
29、to form a stairway having steps of equal rises. e) The headroom shall be at least 2 m. f) Aisles shall terminate in an exit or in a longitudinal walkway that complies with the relevant requirements of 3.1.11. 3.1.9 Walkways a) The width of each walkway shall be at least equal to the width of the wid
30、est aisle or other walkway it serves plus half the combined widths of the remaining aisles and. walkways it serves. b) Hand rails shall be provided at the outer edges of walkways except where provision has been made for guard rails. c) The headroom shall be at least 2 m. 3.1.10 Stairways a) Where th
31、e exit from an aisle or longitudinal walkway is elevated above ground level, the exit shall be served by a stairway uniform, clear width at least double the width of the aisle or walkway that it serves. b) Stairways shall be divided by handrails into channels of width 1 200 mm (exclusive of the hand
32、rails), and handrails shall be provided at each side or the stairway. Where, in conformity with the requirements of 3.1.9(a) and 3.1.10(a), the minimum width of a stairway is not a multiple of 1 200 mm, the width shall be increased to the next higher multiple of 1 200 mm. c) The width of stair tread
33、s shall be uniform and at least 280 mm, exclusive of any nosings, and the height of risers shall be uniform and not exceed 190 mm (it is recognised as good practice to so design stairs that the sum of the tread width and twice the riser height lies between 570 mm and 630 mm). d) Stairways be in flig
34、hts of not more than 16 and not less than 3 steps. e) The headroom above any tread shall be at least 2 m. 3.1.11 Ways of egress a) Every unit of a temporary stand (i.e. each section that is defined by guard rails or hand rails) shall have one or more exits, the number of exits being based, as follow
35、s, on the maximum capacity (see 3.1.5) of the unit: Maximum capacity of unit Number of exits, min. Up to and including 250 1 251 1 000 2 Over 1 000 2 + 1 for every additional 1 000 or part of 1 000 The exits shall be so positioned that the line of travel along any aisle to the nearest exit does not
36、exceed 50 m and that they are as far apart as practicable. SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 7 b) Each walkway, stairway, door, or other means of egress shall be free from obstructions4)and shall lead directly to a safe dispersal area or to an unobstructed lane that leads, to such an area. c) The clear wid
37、th of a lane leading away from a temporary stand shall be at least 5 m. 3.1.12 Guard rails Guard rails shall be provided as follows: a) Stands in which the height above ground level of the seats in the back row exceeds 1 200 mm shall have guard rails at the back and at each end of the stand. The hei
38、ght of the top rail above the adjacent walking surface at each end of the stand shall be at least 1 100 mm, and that of the top rail at the back of the stand shall be at least 900 mm above the level of the top seat, and, if the uppermost level is a walkway or has been designed to be used as standing
39、 space, it shall be at least 1 100 mm above that level. b) Stands in which the height of the footrests for the seats in the front row exceeds 600 mm above the ground or the longitudinal walkway (as relevant) shall have guard rails along the front of those footrests. The height of the top rail shall
40、be at least 900 mm above the relevant level. c) There shall be guard rails at the outer edges of all walkways, stairways, and spaces designed as standing space. The height of the top rail shall be at least 1 100 mm above all points of the adjacent walking surface. d) The vertical distance between ad
41、jacent guard rails or between a guard rail and the adjacent or walking surfaces (as relevant) shall not exceed 400 mm. 3.1.13 Hand rails a) Hand rails shall be provided along the perimeter of the stand deck and at all stairways and walkways, except where provision has been made for guard rails in ac
42、cordance with 3.1.12. b) The distance between any point on the adjacent walking surface and the top of the hand rail that serves an aisle, a walkway, or a stairway shall be not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 100 mm. 3.1.14 Exit lighting and signs a) Exits and aisles and passageways leading to
43、them shall be adequately lighted, and artificial lighting shall be provided wherever natural light is insufficient5). b) Exit doorways, gates, etc. in temporary stands having a maximum capacity of at least 250 seats shall be indicated by the provision, over each doorway and next to each other type o
44、f opening intended to be used for egress, of a sign bearing the words “EXIT/UITGANG“ in plainly legible letters of height at least 175 mm and having strokes of width at least 20 mm. 4) The promoter should ensure that this requirement is complied with at all times. 5) The promoter should ensure that
45、this requirement is complied with at all times during which such structures are occupied by the public. SANS 1169:2008 Edition 1.1 8 3.1.15 Spaces underneath temporary stands Fully-enclosed booths for the selling of tickets and of floor area not more than 10 m2may be located under a temporary stand,
46、 but no such space underneath a stand shall be used for any other activity6). Entrance and exit ways and walkways underneath and near temporary stands shall be so covered (with a suitable rigid covering that is securely fixed in position) as to prevent an object that falls from the stand above from
47、striking anyone using these entrance and exit ways and walkways. 3.2 Load requirements 3.2.1 Design The design of a temporary stand shall be in accordance with an approved specification and in cases of conflict, load test may be resorted to7). The layout of the structure and the strength of the stru
48、ctural members and their interaction shall all be based on a safety factor of at least 2,0 (applied to all design loads specified in 3.2.2-3.2.5) except that the safety factor for all couplers shall be at least 3,0. 3.2.2 Live loads a) A temporary stand shall be designed to support in addition to it
49、s own mass a uniformly distributed live load of at least 5 000 N/m2of the gross horizontal projection of the stand including seating areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, etc. All seats and footboard members shall be designed for live loads of at least 1 800 N/m of length. b) A temporary stand shall be designed to resist a horizontal wind load applied in any direction to all vertical projections of the components and occupants of the stand8). c) A temporary stand shall be designed to resist, in addition to the above loadings and any asymmetrical conditions that may exist, the following hor
