1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ICS 19.100; 37.040.25 ISBN 0-626-16056-1 SANS 11699-2:2005Edition 1ISO 11699-2:1998Edition 1 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Non-destructive testing Indu
4、strial radiographic films Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 11699-2:1998 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr late
5、gan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 11699-2:2005 Edition 1 ISO 11699-2:1998 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Abstract Describes a procedure for the control of fi
6、lm processing systems. Keywords control procedures, film processing, industrial radiography, non-destructive tests, radiographic film. National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA SC 5120.20A, Engineering materials Non-destructive testing, in accordance wit
7、h procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. AReference numberISO 11699-2:1998(E)INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO11699-2First edition1998-07-01Non-destructive testing Industrialradiographic films Part 2:Control of film processing by means ofreference valuesEss
8、ais non destructifs Films utiliss en radiographie industrielle Partie 2: Contrle du traitement des films au moyen de valeurs de rfrenceISO 11699-2:1998(E) ISO 1998All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproducedor utilized in any form or by any means, el
9、ectronic or mechanical, including photocopying andmicrofilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Organization for StandardizationCase postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 SwitzerlandInternet isoiso.chPrinted in SwitzerlandiiContents Page1 Scope . 12 Normative reference 13 Definitio
10、ns 14 Manufacturing of pre-exposed film strips for controlof the processing system 15 User verification of compliance with a classified film system . 56 Interpretation of results 67 Checking intervals . 78 Test report . 79 Compliance with film system classifcation 7Annex A (normative) Method for pro
11、cessing control 8ISO ISO 11699-2:1998(E)iiiForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federationof national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparingInternational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technicalcommittees. Each member bod
12、y interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on thatcommittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO, also take part in the work.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical commit
13、tees are circulatedto the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as InternationalStandards by the ISO Council. They are approved in accordance with ISOprocedures requiring at least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting.International Standard ISO 11699-2 was prepared by Technical Comm
14、itteeISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 5, Radiation methods.ISO 11699 consists of the following parts under the general title Non-destructivetesting Industrial radiographic films: Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography Part 2: Control of film processing
15、by means of reference valuesAnnex A forms an integral part of this part of ISO 11699.ISO 11699-2:1998(E)ISOivIntroductionThis part of ISO 11699 describes a procedure for the control of the filmprocessing systems by users by processing calibrated pre-exposed strips.The strips are exposed to X-rays an
16、d are accompanied by a certificate from thefilm strip manufacturer.The user processes the pre-exposed strips in his system and records the results.In this part of ISO 11699, clause 4 shows the responsibility of the film stripmanufacturer. The user is responsible for clauses 5 to 8, which show compli
17、ancewith the chosen system classification.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 11699-2:1998(E)1Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 2:Control of film processing by means of reference values1 ScopeThis part of ISO 11699 describes a procedure for the control of film processing systems.
18、2 Normative referenceThe following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part ofISO 11699. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties toagreements based on this part of IS
19、O 11699 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recentedition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid InternationalStandards.ISO 11699-1:1998, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 1: Classification
20、 of film systems forindustrial radiography.3 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this part of ISO 11699, the following definitions apply.3.1 film system: Combination of film and film processing which is carried ou in accorcance with the instructions of filmmanufacturer and/or the manufacturer of the proc
21、essing chemicals ISO 11699-1.3.2 film system class: Film system classification according to the limiting values given in table 1 of ISO 11699-1:1998.3.3 film strip: Piece of film material on which a step wedge can be exposed.3.4 pre-exposed film strip: Film strip that is pre-exposed so as to present
22、 at least ten different densities after processing.3.5 net density: Optical density without base and fog density.4 Manufacturing of pre-exposed film strips for control of the processing system4.1 SizeThe film strips shall have a minimum exposed area of 15 mm 100 mm. The pre-exposed film strips conta
23、in a step wedgefor density measurements and a blank area for base plus fog density and long term storage time test.ISO 11699-2:1998(E)ISO24.2 Selection of film strip typeThe selected type of film used for the film strips shall have a response to processing which is representative for the set offilms
24、 which are classified according to ISO 11699-1.4.3 Examples of production of pre-exposed film stripsThe exposure arrangement is shown in figure 1. The step wedge design is described in figure 2 and table 1. A differentdesign and material can be used if it provides the same density steps.Dimensions i
25、n millimetersKey1 Source2 3 mm thick copper prefilter3 Wedge4 FilmFigure 1 Example of an exposure arrangementThe successive steps of the film strip shall be exposed in order to obtain density increments of about 0,3 after processing, forexample by a step wedge as described in table 1 and figure 2.Ap
26、propriate precautions against scattered radiation shall be taken. The radiation source is a constant potential X-ray tubeoperated at approximately 150 kV. The exposure time is chosen in this way so as to obtain a net density of approximately 2at one of the first six steps (going from low to high den
27、sities) of the step/wedge after processing the pre-exposed film strip inthe conditions of the system classified according to ISO 11699-1.ISOISO 11699-2:1998(E)3Figure 2 Design of step wedgeTable 1 Height of steps;material: fine-grained copperStepNo.Height for 150 KVmm1234567891011,710,810,09,38,88,2
28、7,77,36,96,54.4 Measurement fields and determination of reference valuesThe steps for determination of reference values shall be as follows (see figure 3):Step X: the step with a net density close to D = 2.Step X + 4: the step with a higher density which is four steps from X.To obtain the reference
29、values, at least five pre-exposed film strips shall be processed in a classified film system. Theresulting densities shall have a maximum variance of DD = 0,1.ISO 11699-2:1998(E)ISO4The reference values are obtained as follows: Reference speed index Sr:The average value of the net densities of step
30、X is calculated. The speed index reference is equal to this averagevalue, rounded to one decimal. Reference contrast index Cr:The average value of the net densities of step X + 4 is calculated. The reference contrast index reference is thepositive difference of the average densities of the steps X a
31、nd X + 4, rounded to one decimal place.Dimensions in millimetersNOTE Position and density of steps X and X + 4 on the strip may vary.Figure 3 Example of test strip4.5 Pre-exposed film strip-certificatePre-exposed strips shall always be accompanied by a certificate from the manufacturer containing th
32、e following data: a description of the processing system, specifying the processor, chemistry, processing cycle and the temperature; the brand name and type of the pre-exposed film strip; the reference values for speed index and contrast index and the step numbers for calculating the corresponding i
33、ndices.The following data shall be displayed as shown: Processing: manual or automatic; developer type and immersion time; developing temperature; fixer type and immersion time; fixing temperature. Test strip: brand name; type. ISOISO 11699-2:1998(E)5 Speed index: reference speed index (Sr); referen
34、ce step (X). Contrast index: reference contrast index (Cr); reference contrast step (X + 4).4.6 Storage of pre-exposed film stripsPre-exposed film strips shall be stored in a cool and dry place. The manufacturer shall state a date of expiry and the storageconditions.5 User verification of compliance
35、 with a classified film systemFor testing compliance with a classified film system, the same brand of pre-exposed film and film of the film system underverification shall be used.If the reference value cannot be achieved at the time of installation of the processing system, the temperature of thedev
36、eloper may be adjusted by 2 K from the temperature which was specified in the pre-exposed film strip-certificateaccording to 4.5.5.1 Processing conditions5.1.1 Automatic processingThe automatic processor shall be set and maintained according to the recommendation of the manufacturer. To avoid initia
37、ltransient changes of processing quality, start-up procedures as recommended by the manufacturer shall be followed beforedeveloping of the pre-exposed film strips. If the automatic processor is running continuously, pre-exposed film strips may beprocessed without further conditioning.5.1.2 Manual pr
38、ocessingThe processing chemicals shall be mixed, replenished and temperature-controlled according to the specified film systemclassification and the recommendations of the film manufacturer.5.2 Processing of pre-exposed film stripsTo achieve good transport through the automatic processor, the recomm
39、endations of the manufacturer, covering processingand transport of small sized films, shall be followed.5.3 Evaluation of the pre-exposed film strips5.3.1 Calibration of densitometerFor density measurements, a densitometer with a minimum density range from D = 0 to D = 4 shall be used.The densitomet
40、er shall be calibrated using a reference wedge. The densitometer shall be considered calibrated, when themeasured densities of the reference wedge match the specified densities to within 0,1.ISO 11699-2:1998(E)ISO65.3.2 Parameters for processing system evaluationThe parameters for evaluation of the
41、processing system are obtained as follows: Cx: contrast index: This is the difference between density Dx + 4of step X + 4 and the density Dxof step Xnormalized to a reference speed index Sr, to eliminate speed influences. To calculate thecontrast index Cx, the following formula is used:x x+4 xrxC =
42、DDSS() . . . (1) D0: density of step 0 Dx: density of step X Sx: speed index Dx D05.3.3 Control of fixing and washingThe achieved quality of processed film depends partly on the presence of residual thiosulfate in the film emulsion layerswhich may be caused by poor fixing or washing conditions.To ev
43、aluate the fixing and washing, the following test shall be performed.Use a test solution of 10 g of silver nitrate and 30 g of acetic acid per litre of destilled water. One drop of the test solution isapplied to a blank part of the processed film. After two minutes the excess fluid is removed. This
44、procedure is repeated onthe other side of the film, opposite to the first spot. The stain obtained is compared with a chart supplied by the filmmanufacturers.6 Interpretation of resultsAfter processing a test strip, the processing system parameters are calculated following 5.3.2. The results are com
45、pared withthe reference values as given in 4.5. A processing system is in compliance if the test results comply with the conditions givenin 6.1 to 6.3.6.1 Limits for D0The value of D0shall be less than 0,3.6.2 Speed index (Sx)The obtained speed index shall not vary from the specified reference speed
46、 index Sr(see 4.5) by more than 10 %.6.3 Contrast index (Cx)The obtained contrast index shall not vary from the specified reference contrast index Cr(see 4.5) by more than 10 % or+ 15 %.ISOISO 11699-2:1998(E)77 Checking intervalsThe processing shall be generally checked after each new preparation of
47、 developer solution. Additionally, a regular control isrecommended.If the ambient conditions vary significantly (i.e. mobile darkroom, temperature) or if manual replenishment is applied, thecontrol procedure shall be more frequent.A more continuous control according to annex A is recommended.8 Test
48、reportA report presenting the results shall contain the following information.a) date of test;b) processing: manual or automatic;c) parameter settings: temperature of developer and processing time;d) brand name and type of chemistry used;e) brand name, type and identification of certified film strip
49、s;f) base and fog density D0(6.1);g) speed index Sxand reference speed index Sr(6.2 and 4.5);h) contrast index Cxand reference contrast index Cr(6.3 and 4.5).The documentation of these results may be in the form of a written report, a display chart or a computer program.9 Compliance with film system classificationFor a film system of a given class, compliance with that class shall be obtained as follows.When using pre-exposed test strips, the users film system shall be considered to have the s
