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3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-19148-1 SANS 11760:2007Edition 1ISO 11760:2005Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Classification of coals This national standard is t
4、he identical implementation of ISO 11760:2005 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.s
5、tansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 11760:2007 Edition 1 ISO 11760:2005 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA SC 5140.20C, Solid minerals fuels Coal classification, in accordance with procedures of
6、 Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This standard was published in January 2007. Reference numberISO 11760:2005(E)ISO 2005INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO11760First edition2005-02-15Classification of coals Classification des charbons SANS 11760:2007This s tandard
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12、ISO 2005 All rights reservedSANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 11760:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions
13、. 1 4 Classification. 3 5 Nature of the coal sample 6 6 Descriptive classification terminology . 6 7 Analytical tolerances 7 8 Graphic representation. 8 Bibliography . 9 SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 11760
14、:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member bo
15、dy interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrot
16、echnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted b
17、y the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent ri
18、ghts. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11760 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 11760:2005
19、(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved vIntroduction Coals occur worldwide and vary significantly in their physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of reasons, both with respect to the organic coal substance and to the associated mineral matter that is always present to varying extents. Coals a
20、re an important source of energy, as well as being essential for the production of metallurgical cokes, and are widely used as feedstock for other industrial processes such as in the production of gaseous fuels and synthesis gas. Hence, a wide range of procedures has been developed by the Internatio
21、nal Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the analysis and testing of coals. These ISO procedures are variously designated as being applicable to “hard coals”, “brown coals” and “lignite”, “bituminous coals” and “anthracite”. There are, however, no ISO definitions that specify the boundaries th
22、at apply to these descriptive terms, which all relate to the geological maturity (rank) of the coals. Further, there is no simple system for the classification of coals that can provide, on a comparative basis, an indication of coal characteristics on a worldwide basis. This ISO standard provides a
23、basis for addressing both these issues. The classification is not intended to be used for commercial purposes because the assessment and selection of coals for a specific purpose require detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular application to be anticipated.
24、 The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and tests provides that information. The development of this ISO standard has been guided by the recently published “International Classification of in-Seam Coals”14. The ISO standard, however, represents a simplified version that incorporates some significant
25、modifications made for reasons given in the classification details that follow. SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing
26、 clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11760:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1Classification of coals 1 Scope This International Standard describes a simple classification system for coals providing guidance on the selection of the appropriate ISO standard procedures for the analyses
27、and testing of coals, international comparison of coals in terms of some key characteristics, descriptive categorization of coals. The system is applicable to coals of all ranks, but care is required in relation to the classification of some types of coal. The system may be applied to a wide range o
28、f representative coal samples, provided their exact nature is stated. Such samples include bore-core seam sections and composite samples, raw (as-mined) coal, washed coal, blends of coals of similar rank and selected, specified size fractions. The system provides a broad framework within which coals
29、 can be assessed. The selection of coals for a specific use requires detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and test procedures for coals serve this purpose. The selection of the appropri
30、ate procedures to be used in assessing a coal depends on the intended use. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referen
31、ced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1213-2, Solid mineral fuels Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 7404-5, Methods for the petrographic analysi
32、s of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1213-2, ISO 7404-1 and the following apply. 3.1 coal carbonaceous sedimentary rock largely
33、derived from plant remains with an associated mineral content corresponding to an ash yield less than, or equal to, 50 % by mass (dry basis) SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 11760:2005(E) 2 ISO 2005 All right
34、s reservedNOTE In the geological coalification sequence, the transformation from peat to coal is defined as occurring when the total in-situ moisture content has decreased to 75 % by mass. The upper limit for undisturbed coal seams in the normal coalification process leading to semi-graphite is defi
35、ned as corresponding to a mean random vitrinite reflectance, rR , of 6,0 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, v, maxR , of 8 %, determined in accordance with ISO 7404-5. The upper limit, v, maxR , for disturbed, contact altered, coals can exceed 10 %; see Table 1, Note 2. 3.2 vitr
36、inite group of macerals with a grey colour (as observed with reflected light under a microscope) and with a reflectance generally between that of the associated darker liptinite and lighter inertinite over the rank range in which the three respective maceral groups can be readily recognized NOTE 1 I
37、n the upper range of medium rank, vitrinite reflectance can be less than that of liptinite (where liptinite is recognizable) whilst at very high rank (rR 4,0 %), the maximum reflectance of both liptinite and vitrinite may exceed that of inertinite. NOTE 2 In medium and high rank coals, vitrinite ref
38、lectance measurements should preferably be taken on telovitrinite or, in its absence, on the whole of the vitrinite population. Within low-rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements must be measured on the submaceral ulminite B, or preferably on Eu-ulminite, if present. Eu-ulminite consists of g
39、elified plant tissues with the cell structures weakly visible in reflected white light. Ulminite B is the more highly reflecting part of ulminite; see 9. 3.3 inertinite maceral group that is composed of particles having a reflectance in low and medium-rank coals that is higher than that of the macer
40、als of the vitrinite and liptinite groups, but is lower than that of the corresponding vitrinite in very high-rank coals NOTE The reflectance of inertinite macerals begins to be exceeded by that of the macerals of the vitrinite group when the vitrinite and inertinite reflectance, rR , has reached ab
41、out 4 %; see 8. 3.4 liptinite maceral group that includes sporinite, cutinite, suberinite, resinite, liptodetrinite and alginite NOTE At low ranks, the reflectance of liptinite macerals is lower than that of vitrinite but converges with that of vitrinite at medium rank B to A. Liptinite macerals sho
42、w stronger primary autofluorescence relative to that of macerals from the other maceral groups up to medium rank B. 3.5 lignite brown coal coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, rR , less than 0,4 % NOTE The terms “brown coal” and “lignite” are frequently used as alternatives but the latte
43、r is the term now preferred by the International Commission for Coal and Organic Petrology; see 10. 3.6 sub-bituminous coal coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, rR , equal to or greater than 0,4 % but less than 0,5 % 3.7 bituminous coal coal, synonymous with medium-rank coal, having a me
44、an random vitrinite reflectance, rR , equal to or greater than 0,5 %, but less than 2,0 % 3.8 anthracite coal, synonymous with high-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, rR , equal to or greater than 2,0 % but less than 6,0 %, or, preferably, a mean maximum reflectance, v, maxR , le
45、ss than 8,0 % for geologically unaltered coal SANS 11760:2007This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 11760:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 33.9 hard coal coal, comprising the medium-rank (bituminous) and high-rank (anthracite
46、) coals, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, rR , equal to or greater than 0,5 % and less than 6 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, v, maxR , less than 8,0 % 3.10 bed-moisture natural moisture content of the coal in situ in the seam NOTE It is necessary to take care to e
47、nsure that samples for this determination are free of open fissures, voids or other features that might entrain free water, and that there is no loss of moisture during sampling and sample preparation. 4 Classification 4.1 General The physical and chemical properties of a coal are virtually all dete
48、rmined by its geological maturity (rank), petrographic composition and the amount (as well as the nature and mode of association) of the mineral matter present. Thus, for simplicity, this classification for coals is based on the following coal properties: vitrinite reflectance, expressed in percent:
49、 mean random reflectance, rR,to designate rank, where rR is determined directly or calculated from v, maxR ; see ISO 7404-5; vitrinite content, expressed as percent by volume on a mineral-free basis: designation of the petrographic composition; see ISO 7404-3; see footnote to Table 5; ash yield, expressed as a percent on a basis: designation of the amount of inorganic material present; see ISO 1171. NOTE For medium-rank coals, v, maxR = 1,07 rR 6. 4.2 Rank Primary categories Three broad rank categories, low rank, medium
