1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ICS 01.140.20; 37.100.20; 87.080 ISBN 0-626-17572-0 SANS 11798:2006Edition 1ISO 11798:1999Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Information and docume
4、ntation Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper Requirements and test methods This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 11798:1999 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by Standards South Af
5、rica 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code +27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 11798:2006 Edition 1 ISO 11798:1999 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Abstract Specifies requirements and test me
6、thods for evaluation of the permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives and other protected environments for long periods of time. It is applicable to images on paper and multicoloured images. It does not apply to documents stored under harmful c
7、onditions and to legal documentations. Keywords abrasion, ageing (materials), colour picture, copies, definitions, documentations, documents, durability, endurance tests, evaluations, hydrolytic resistance, illustrations, information, library and information science, library science, light resisting
8、, paper, permanency, printing papers, print products, properties, quality, records, replicas, resistance, specification (approval), specifications, storage quality, testing, testing conditions, writing paper. National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA TC
9、46, Information and documentation, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. AReference numberISO 11798:1999(E)INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO11798First edition1999-07-01Information and documentation Permanence and durability of writing,pr
10、inting and copying on paper Requirements and test methodsInformation et documentation Permanence et durabilit de lcriture, delimpression et de la reprographie sur papier Prescriptions et mthodesdessaiISO 11798:1999(E) ISO 1999All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publicati
11、on may be reproducedor utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying andmicrofilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Organization for StandardizationCase postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 SwitzerlandInternet isoiso.chPrinted in Switzerl
12、andiiContents1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Definitions 24 Required characteristics.34.1 Optical density 34.2 Appearance .34.3 Lightfastness.34.4 Water resistance .44.5 Transfer of recording44.6 Resistance to wear .54.7 Resistance to heat 54.8 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of t
13、he paper 54.8.1 Tensile energy absorption 54.8.2 Folding endurance.55 Preparation of test specimens .55.1 Performance testing paper 55.2 Recording atmosphere.55.3 Specifications for test specimen preparation55.4 Reference ink 65.5 Conditioning of specimens66 Testing 66.1 Optical density 66.2 Appeara
14、nce .6 ISOISO 11798:1999(E)iii6.3 Lightfastness 66.4 Water resistance . 76.5 Transfer of recording . 76.6 Resistance to wear . 76.7 Resistance to heat 86.8 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper 86.8.1 Tensile energy absorption 86.8.2 Folding endurance. 87 Test report 9Annex A
15、(normative) Performance testing paper 10Annex B (normative) Test specimen preparation 11Annex C (informative) Optical density measurement 12ISO 11798:1999(E) ISOivForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISOmember bodies
16、). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
17、governmental, inliaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
18、voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.International Standard ISO 11798 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information anddocumentation, Subcommittee SC 10, Physical keeping of documents.Annexes A and B form
19、an integral part of this International Standard. Annex C is for information only. ISOISO 11798:1999(E)vIntroductionWriting materials and equipment meeting the requirements given in this International Standard can be used in thepreparation of paper documents with stable and durable images, i.e. image
20、s likely to undergo little or no changein properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the paper documents to other datacarriers, e.g. microforms.It is primarily intended for writing, printing, and copying on writing and printing papers and also on photo-copyingp
21、apers.This International Standard specifies requirements and testing methods for evaluation of the stability of images.Some properties of an image, e.g. resistance to wear, depend on the combination of the image and the paper.Permanent papers (ISO 9706) and archival papers (ISO 11108), used in the p
22、reparation of documents, may differwidely in properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. The testing conditions of thisInternational Standard are chosen so that results, representative of the majority of papers on the market to beused for a particular imaging process, shall
23、 be obtained.In this International Standard, the requirements are given in terms ofimage colour strength and appearance;lightfastness;water resistance;transfer of recorded image;resistance to wear;resistance to heat;effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.More rigorous limiting v
24、alues and other requirements than those set out in this International Standard may berequired when testing material and machinery intended for documents of the highest possible permanence anddurability.Experience has shown that images written with Indian ink as well as printed images using commercia
25、l printinginks have a high degree of permanence. There are, however, many documents where acidic inks have affectedthe paper to such an extent that the paper has corroded, and images produced from dry or liquid toner are alsosusceptible to ageing problems.The experience of modern images is limited t
26、o a few decades only. Images prepared with modern material andmachinery are often completely different from old images with respect to composition and properties. Therefore,conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and archives are of limited use when discussing thepermanence of mod
27、ern documents.Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence of the image is to handle the document and to store it underthe relevant conditions for long periods of time, perhaps for several hundred years. In practice, one has to rely uponobservations made on documents kept for a few years o
28、nly, and on evaluation of the effect of factors known toinfluence the permanence and durability of the image.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 11798:1999(E)1Information and documentation Permanence and durability ofwriting, printing and copying on paper Requirements and testmethods1 ScopeThis Internati
29、onal Standard specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence anddurability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives and other protected environments forlong periods of time.It is applicable toimages on paper with the exception of documents wit
30、hin the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography;multicoloured images.The information contents of multicoloured images should be retained but not necessarily the full artistic quality of thecoloured image. Documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes are not coveredby this
31、International Standard.It does not apply todocuments stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that may promote microbiological attack,excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the influence of water. Since documents maybe kept in non-protected environments b
32、efore being transferred to protected environments, resistance to waterand light is, however, of importance;legal documentation, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest.2 Normative referencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text
33、, constitute provisions of thisInternational Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject torevision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions
34、 of the standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintainregisters of currently valid International Standards.ISO 5-3:1995, Photography Density measurements Part 3: Spectral conditions.ISO 1924-2:1994, Paper and board Determination of tensile properties Part 2: Constant rate of elongationmetho
35、d.ISO 2470:1), Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor (ISO brightness).ISO 4892-2:1994, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 2: Xenon-arc sources.ISO 5626:1993, Paper Determination of folding endurance.1To be published. (Revision of ISO 2470:19
36、77)ISO 11798:1999(E) ISO2ISO 7724-1:2), Paints and varnishes Colorimetry Part 1: Principles.ISO 7724-2:3), Paints and varnishes Colorimetry Part 2: Colour measurement.ISO 7724-3:4), Paints and varnishes Colorimetry Part 3: Calculation of colour differences by CIELAB.ISO 9352:1995, Plastics Determina
37、tion of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels.ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation Paper for documents Requirements for permanenceISO 12757-1:1998, Ball point pens and refills Part 1: General use.ISO 12757-2:1998, Ball point pens and refills Part 2: Documentary use (DOC).ISO 14145-1:1998, Ro
38、ller ball pens and refills Part 1: General use.ISO 14145-2:1998, Roller ball pens and refills Part 2: Documentary use (DOC).BS 3484:19915), Specification for blue-black record inks.3 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply:3.1copyingproduction of a
39、n image on paper which is a reproduction of the image of another document carrier, e.g. by aphotographic or xerographic process3.2documentrecorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process ISO 5127-1:19836)3.3durabilitythe ability to resist the effects of wear and tear in
40、 performance situations3.4imagepigments distributed on paper as characters or other visually identifiable patterns3.5monochromatic imageimage with recording in one colour3.6multicoloured imageimage composed of recording in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of the information co
41、ntents3.7permanencethe ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time2To be published. (Revision of ISO 7724-1:1984)3)To be published. (Revision of ISO 7724-2:1984)4)To be published. (Revision of ISO 7724-3:1984)5)Obtainable from British Standards Institution, 389 Chisw
42、ick High Road, GB-London W4 4AL.6)ISO 5127-1:1983, Documentation and information Vocabulary Part 1: Basic concepts. ISOISO 11798:1999(E)33.8permanent imageimage which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments will undergo little orno change in properties that
43、affects its use.NOTE Examples of such properties are the stability of the created image (e.g. legibility and contrast) and the stability of thesystem of recording on paper.3.9printingproduction of an image on paper from a printing device, such as a printing press, a thermal printer or a computerprin
44、ter (e.g. a laser printer or ink jet printer)3.10recordingwriting, printing and copying3.11spot-coloured imageimage with different colours in separate parts, so that the colours are not superimposed3.12writingproduction of an image on paper, one character or stroke at a timeEXAMPLES By hand with a p
45、en or pencil or by means of a typewriter or pen plotter.4 Required characteristicsPaper documents conforming to this International Standard shall meet the following requirements. Specimens fortesting shall be prepared as described in clause 5.4.1 Optical densityThe optical reflection density of mono
46、chromatic images, determined as described in 6.1, shall meet therequirements in Table 1. These requirements are applicable also to spot-coloured images. No minimum values areset for multicoloured images.4.2 AppearanceEach element of the image shall be clearly defined and easily legible when inspecte
47、d as described in 6.2. Thecolour strength shall be even. Images prepared by stamp-pad inks shall be legible. No feathering or strike-throughis acceptable.4.3 LightfastnessAfter illumination in accordance with 6.3, the optical density of monochromatic images shall meet the requirementsof Table 1. The
48、se requirements are applicable also to spot-coloured images. The colour tone may change but itshall still be recognizable as being of the same colour as before treatment.Multicoloured images shall meet the requirements of Table 2. Measurements shall be performed in accordance withISO 7724.ISO 11798:
49、1999(E) ISO44.4 Water resistanceAfter treatment with water7)in accordance with 6.4, the optical density of monochromatic images shall meet therequirements of Table 1. The colour tone may change but it shall still be recognizable as being of the same colouras before treatment. These requirements are applicable also to spot-coloured images.Multicoloured images shall meet the requirements of Table 2. Measurements shall be performed in accordancewith ISO 7724.Only a slight discoloration of the paper, densi
