1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ICS 01.020; 35.240.30 ISBN 0-626-17624-7 SANS 16642: 2006 Edition 1 ISO 16642: 2003 Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Computer applications in ter
4、minology Terminological markup framework This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 16642:2003, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001
5、 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 16642:2006 Edition 1 ISO 16642:2003 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Ab
6、stract Specifies a framework designed to provide guidance on the basic principles for representing data recorded in terminological data collections. This framework includes a meta-model and methods for describing specific terminological markup languages (TMLs) expressed in XML. The mechanisms for im
7、plementing constraints in a TML are defined in this International Standard, but not the specific constraints for individual TMLs, except for the three TMLs defined in Annexes B to D. defines the conditions that allow the data expressed in one TML to be mapped onto another TML and specifies a generic
8、 mapping tool (GMT) for this purpose (see Annex A). Also describes a generic model for describing linguistic data. Keywords applications, computer applications, computers, data bases, data collection, data collection schemes, data elements, data exchange, data processing, data recording, data repres
9、entation, extensible markup recording, information exchange, information interchange, information representation, information technology, programming languages, SGML, terminology, National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee STANSA TC37, Terminology and other lang
10、uage and content resources, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16642 First edition 2003-08-15
11、Reference number ISO 16642:2003(E) ISO 2003 Computer applications in terminology Terminological markup framework Applications informatiques en terminologie Plate-forme pour le balisage de terminologies informatisesThis standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing cl
12、ients of the SABS.ISO 16642:2003(E) ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installe
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15、se inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing
16、 from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandThis standard may only be used and printed by
17、 approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 16642:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iii Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 General principles and interoperability principle . 4 5 Generic model for describing linguistic data and its appl
18、ication to terminology . 6 5.1 Introduction . 6 5.1.1 General principles 6 5.1.2 Example . 7 5.2 Generic representation of structural levels and information units 8 5.3 The terminological meta-model . 9 5.4 Designing representations of terminological data on the basis of the meta-model . 12 5.5 Inte
19、rchange, dissemination and interoperability 12 5.6 XML canonical representation of the generic model . 13 5.6.1 Introduction 13 5.6.2 Example . 13 5.6.3 Description of the GMT format 14 5.7 Representing languages in a terminological data collection 17 6 Defining a TML . 18 6.1 General . 18 6.2 Defin
20、ing interoperability conditions 18 6.3 Implementing a TML 18 6.3.1 Introduction 18 6.3.2 Implementing the meta-model 18 6.3.3 Anchoring data categories on the TML XML outline 19 6.3.4 Implementing annotations . 20 6.3.5 Implementing brackets 21 6.3.6 Namespaces . 21 Annex A (normative) XML schema of
21、 the GMT format . 22 Annex B (normative) The MSC TML . 24 Annex C (normative) The Geneter TML 29 Annex D (informative) Conformance of terminological data to TMF . 43 Bibliography . 48This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 16642:200
22、3(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body
23、interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotech
24、nical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by t
25、he technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent right
26、s. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16642 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Computer applications for terminology.This standard may only be used and printed by approved subsc
27、ription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 16642:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved v Introduction Terminological data are collected, managed and stored in a wide variety of systems, typically in applications, i.e. various kinds of database management system, ranging from personal computer ap
28、plications for individual users to mainframe term-bank systems operated by major companies and governmental agencies. Termbases are comprised of various sets of data category and are based on various kinds of data model. Terminological data often need to be shared and reused in a number of applicati
29、ons, and this sharing is usually accomplished using intermediate formats. To facilitate co-operation and to prevent duplicate work, it is important to develop standards and guidelines for creating and using terminological data collections as well as for sharing and exchanging data. The meta-model de
30、fined in this International Standard fits into an integrated approach to be used in analysing existing terminological data collections and in designing new ones, which are typically processed using relational or text-based data management systems. Terminological data collections can also be stored a
31、s structured documents with markup based on formats that are typically defined using Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), defined in ISO 8879 12, or eXtensible Markup Language (XML), which is based on SGML but amended for use on the World Wide Web by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). An i
32、ntegrated approach eases the tasks of importing data from a flat file with markup into a database and of exporting data from a database to a structured document. Another motivation for an integrated approach, as opposed to entirely separate approaches for databases and structured documents, is that
33、XML-based formats are now being processed in new ways, similar to traditional database management systems. For example, XML files are being queried and updated directly without importing data into traditional database environments. This integrated approach to analysis and design consists of two leve
34、ls of abstraction. The first (and most abstract) level of the integrated approach is the meta-model level. The meta-model level, which could also be called the abstract conceptual data model level, supports analysis and design at a very general level. The second level is the data model level. At the
35、 data model level, the designer of the terminological data collection has the possibility to make various choices, based on real-life needs. First, designers must determine the form of representation most appropriate for their terminological data, addressing the following choices: whether to use a r
36、elational database or a flat file with markup; whether the data will be used primarily for queries and updates, and be represented in some database management system and, if this is the case, what system to use; whether the data will be used primarily for sharing and interchange, and be represented
37、in a flat file with markup. For the purposes of this International Standard it is assumed that all flat files will use XML markup. Once the choice between a database management system and a flat file with XML markup has been made, a data model must be chosen. For a relational database, a typical met
38、hod of describing a data model is an entity- relationship diagram. For an XML document, a typical method of describing a data model is a Document Type Definition (DTD). An alternative method, using what is called an “XML schema”, is provided by the W3C. In the future, it will be possible to use more
39、 abstract methods of describing an XML format. A specific implementation of the meta-model for terminology markup expressed in XML is called a terminological markup language (or TML), which can be described on the basis of a limited number of characteristics, namely how the TML expresses the structu
40、ral organization of the meta-model (i.e. the expansion trees of the TML), the specific data categories used by the TML and how they relate to the meta-model,This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 16642:2003(E) vi ISO 2003 All right
41、s reserved the way in which these data categories can be expressed in XML and thus anchored on the expansion trees of the TML, i.e. the XML style of any given data category, and the vocabularies used by the TML to express those various informational objects as XML elements and attributes according t
42、o the corresponding XML styles. Some of the examples in this International Standard are instances of the MSC (MARTIF with Specified Constraints) and Geneter formats as described in Annex B and Annex C respectively.This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing cl
43、ients of the SABS.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16642:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Computer applications in terminology Terminological markup framework 1S c o p e This International Standard specifies a framework designed to provide guidance on the basic principles for representing data recor
44、ded in terminological data collections. This framework includes a meta-model and methods for describing specific terminological markup languages (TMLs) expressed in XML. The mechanisms for implementing constraints in a TML are defined in this International Standard, but not the specific constraints
45、for individual TMLs, except for the three TMLs defined in Annexes B to D. This International Standard is designed to support the development and use of computer applications for terminological data and the exchange of such data between different applications. It does not standardize data categories
46、and methods for the specification of data structures which are specified in ISO 12620 and other related International Standards. This International Standard also defines the conditions that allow the data expressed in one TML to be mapped onto another TML and specifies a generic mapping tool (GMT) f
47、or this purpose (see Annex A). In addition, this International Standard describes a generic model for describing linguistic data. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. Fo
48、r undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1087-1, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application ISO 1087-2, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 2: Computer applications ISO 12620:1999, Computer applications in terminology Da
49、ta categories Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, Second edition, BRAY,T . , P AOLI, J., SPERBERG-MCQUEEN,C .M . , a n d MALER, E. (eds.), W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000, available at Dublin Core Qualifiers, 2000-07-11, available at XHTML TM 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, 2nd edition, available at3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and ISO 1087-2, and the following apply.This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscrip
