1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21923-9 SANS 4516:2008Edition 2 ISO 4516:2002Edition 2SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Metallic and other inorganic coatings Vickers and Kn
4、oop microhardness tests This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 4516:2002 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 79
5、11 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 4516:2008 Edition 2 ISO 4516:2002 Edition 2 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings, in accordance with procedures of th
6、e SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in November 2008. This SANS document supersedes SABS ISO 4516:1980 (first edition). Reference numberISO 4516:2002(E)ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO4516Second edition2002-06-15Metallic
7、and other inorganic coatings Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests Revtements mtalliques et autres revtements inorganiques Essais de microduret Vickers et Knoop SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) PD
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10、e to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2002
11、 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the count
12、ry of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reserved SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and
13、 freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Principle1 4 Symbols and designations .2 5 Apparatus .2 6 Factors affecting measurement accuracy.5 7 Measuring procedure 9 8 Test report 11 Bibliography12
14、SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO membe
15、r bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmenta
16、l and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directi
17、ves, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
18、 casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4516 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and
19、other inorganic coatings, Subcommittee SC 2, Test methods. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4516:1980), which has been technically revised. SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATI
20、ONAL STANDARD ISO 4516:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Metallic and other inorganic coatings Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests 1 Scope This International Standard describes the application of the Vickers and Knoop micro-indentation tests for determining the microhardness of metallic and ot
21、her inorganic coatings. This method is applicable where indenter forces generally need to be below 10 N such as for electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic coatings on aluminium. It is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface as described in 7.4
22、and to measurements on cross-sections as described in 7.3. NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to ISO 4545, ISO 6507-1, ISO 6507-2 and ISO 6507-3, which describe Knoop and Vickers hardness testing of metallic materials. Other International Standards for instrumental indentation testing, the verification of mi
23、croindentation testing instruments and for the verification of reference blocks to be used with such instruments are currently being developed (e.g. ISO 14577 Parts 1 to 4). NOTE 2 Usually for hardness measurements of coating test forces in the microhardness range in accordance with ISO 6507-1 are u
24、sed. However, since the largest possible test force should be selected, test forces of the low force and hardness ranges may also be used. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International St
25、andard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated
26、 below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 1463, Metallic and oxide coatings Measurement of coating thickness Microscopical method ISO 6507-1, Metallic mat
27、erials Vickers hardness test Part 1: Test method ISO 9002, Quality systems Model for quality assurance in production, installation and servicing 3 Principle A testing instrument slowly lowers an indenter vertically on to the test surface and holds it there for a specified time under a specified load
28、 (see 6.2). The tolerance of the applied test force is within 1 % of that specified. An indenter is forced into the coating and the diagonal(s) of the indentation left in the surface after removal of the indenter is measured using a microscope. The indenter is applied such that the resultant indenta
29、tion does not contain artefacts of the loading apparatus or procedure but rather is characteristic of the coating. A number, known as the Vickers or Knoop hardness number, is derived from this measurement using the symbols and designations given in clause 4. SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be
30、used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved 4 Symbols and designations Vickers and Knoop hardnesses are denoted respectively by the symbols HV and HK preceded by the hardness value and followed by: a) a number represe
31、nting the test force (force in newtons multiplied by proportionality factor 0,102) (see Table 1); b) the application time of test force, in seconds, if different from the time specified in 6.3. EXAMPLE 1 640 HV 0,1: Vickers hardness of 640 determined using a test force of 0,980 7 N applied for betwe
32、en 10 s and 15 s. EXAMPLE 2 640 HK 0,1/20: Knoop hardness of 640 determined using a test force of 0,980 7 N applied for 20 s. Table 1 Symbols and designations Symbol Measuring unit Designation Vickers Knoop F Force: N Test force: N Test force: N d Diagonal measurement: m Arithmetic mean of the two s
33、eparately measured diagonals 122ddd+= Length of longer diagonal HV and HK Vickers hardness number = (0,102 F)/AV= 189,1 106F/d2Knoop hardness number = (0,102 F)/AK= 1 451,4 106F/d2AVmm2Sloping surface area of indentation (contact area) AKmm2Projected area of the indentation t m Coating thickness Coa
34、ting thickness s Standard deviation ()()2HV HV1sn=Standard deviation ()()2HK HK1sn=N Number of measurements Number of measurements HV and HK HV = HV/n HK = HK/n V % Coefficient of variation 100HVsV = Coefficient of variation 100HKsV = 5 Apparatus 5.1 Testing instrument, to perform the task described
35、 in clause 3. 5.2 Indenters 5.2.1 Form and dimensions SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 35.2.1.1 Vickers indenter The indenter consists of a diamond in the form of a ri
36、ght pyramid with a square base (see Figure 1). The angle at the vertex between opposite faces shall be 136 0,5. This angle shall have been verified with a 2-circle goniometer of appropriate accuracy. The relation between the diagonals d1and d2and the depth of the indentation, h, is approximately 7:1
37、. The four faces shall be equally inclined to the axis of the indenter (within 0,5) and shall meet at a point; any line of junction (offset) between two opposite faces shall not exceed 0,5 m. The usual shape of the point is shown in Figure 2 as it would appear under high magnification. aOffset Figur
38、e 1 Vickers indenter aMaximum offset 0,5 m Figure 2 Vickers indenter offset 5.2.1.2 Knoop indenter The indenter consists of a diamond tipped right pyramid with a rhomboid base (see Figure 3). The angles at the vertex shall be 172,5 0,3 and 130 0,3. These angles shall have been verified with a 2-circ
39、le goniometer of appropriate accuracy. The four faces shall be equally inclined to the axis of the indenter (within 0,5) and shall meet at a point; any line of junction (offset) between two opposite faces shall not exceed 1,0 m. The usual shape of the point as it would appear under high magnificatio
40、n is shown in Figure 4. The relation between the long diagonal and the depth of the indentation is approximately 30:1. SANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) 4 ISO 2002 All rights reserved Figure 3 Knoo
41、p indenter aOffset bMaximum offset 1,0 m Figure 4 Knoop indenter offset 5.2.2 Surface characteristics The indenter faces shall be smooth and free from cracks or other imperfections or defects. The diamond shall be examined periodically. Any foreign materials shall be removed. The indenter shall be r
42、eplaced if it is cracked, chipped or loose in its mounting. NOTE The diamond can be cleaned by pressing it into copper or steel of low hardness, or by means of a suitable solvent not harmful to the equipment. The diamond can be examined using a scanning electron microscope or an optical microscope S
43、ANS 4516:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 4516:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 5with a numerical aperture greater than 0,85. Cracks and other imperfections or defects can sometimes be detected by examining the shap
44、e and symmetry of the indentation. Additional cleaning techniques may be provided by the manufacturer. 5.3 Hardness reference blocks The test blocks shall be cleaned immediately prior to use because frequently they are coated to prevent corrosion during storage. To verify the hardness testing instru
45、ment and the measurement, the measurement shall be compared with blocks, the hardness of which is close to the range of interest. Each block shall be of a material the grain size of which is small compared with the indentation size and shall have a known uniform hardness measured at a particular tes
46、t force specified by the calibrating authorities or the testing instrument manufacturer. The test force shall be within 25 % of that used in the actual tests. In addition: a) the block shall be calibrated to be within 5 % of the true hardness point to point; b) the test and support surfaces of the b
47、lock shall be parallel to 0,000 5 mm/mm; c) the maximum deviation in flatness shall not exceed 5 m; d) the test surface roughness Ra shall not exceed 0,1 m; e) the block shall be demagnetized by the manufacturer and maintained in that state by the user. The frequency of indirect verification with re
48、ference blocks will depend on the frequency of use. It is normal to verify the instrument before each series of measurements; the frequency of indirect verification shall not exceed 12 months. 6 Factors affecting measurement accuracy 6.1 Test force The micro-indentation value obtained depends on the
49、 force applied to a greater extent than with macrohardness measurements (forces greater than 10 N). Because of a number of factors, including anisotropy, the test specimens shall be marked to indicate where the measurement has been carried out and the reference test area shall be recorded in the test report (see clause 8). To ensure that comparable hardness values are obtained the tests shall be performed using the same force (within 1 %) and application time of test force as
