1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22395-3 SANS 51274:2009 Edition 2 EN 1274:2004 Edition 2SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Thermal spraying Powders Composition, technical su
4、pply conditions This national standard is the identical implementation of EN 1274:2004 and is adopted with the permission of CEN, rue de Strassart 36, B-1050 Brussels. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 34
5、4 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 51274:2009 Edition 2 EN 1274:2004 Edition 2 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee
6、SABS TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in May 2009. This SANS document supersedes SABS EN 1274:1996 (first edition). This standard may only
7、 be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN1274 November2004 ICS25.220.20;77.160 SupersedesEN1274:1996 Englishversion ThermalsprayingPowdersComposition,technicalsupply conditions ProjectionthermiquePoudresComposi
8、tion,conditions techniquesdelivraison ThermischesSpritzenPulverZusammensetzung, technischeLieferbedingungen ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon13September2004. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropean Standardthestatusofanatio
9、nalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecretariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslation undertheres
10、ponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatusastheofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Ma
11、lta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2004CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved
12、 worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN1274:2004:EThis standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Properties and property determination of powder
13、s for thermal spraying.5 3.1 Sampling and sample splitting.5 3.2 Chemical composition 5 3.3 Particle size range .5 3.4 Manufacturing process particle shape.6 3.5 Apparent density6 3.6 Flowability 6 3.7 Microstructure7 3.8 Determination and composition of phases.7 3.9 Summary.7 4 Classification of po
14、wders .7 4.1 General7 4.2 Pure metals.8 4.3 Metal alloys and composite material .9 4.3.1 Self-fluxing alloys 9 4.3.2 Nickel Chromium-iron alloys.11 4.3.3 MCrAIY-alloys.12 4.3.4 Nickel-aluminium-iron alloys and composites .13 4.3.5 High alloyed steels 13 4.3.6 Cobalt-chromium alloys14 4.3.7 Copper-al
15、uminium alloys and composites, copper-tin- and copper-nickel alloys .15 4.3.8 Aluminium alloys .15 4.3.9 Nickel-graphite composites15 4.4 Carbides, carbides with metal, carbides with metallic alloys and composites 16 4.5 Oxides .17 4.6 Organic materials.17 5 Powder identification 17 6 Conditions of
16、supply .18 7 Certificate .18 Annex A (informative) Powder shape and morphologies.19 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1274:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 240 “Th
17、ermal spraying and thermally sprayed coatings”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withd
18、rawn at the latest by May 2005. This document supersedes EN 1274:1996. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finlan
19、d, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of
20、 the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 4 Introduction The document has been aimed to designate the most important thermal spray-coating powders on the basis of their composition, their manufacturing process and their particle size distribution. The majority of commercially available powders is covered by and ca
21、n be characterised and specified according to this document. The document is meant to simplify understanding of the great product variety on the market for the manufacturer and user, and nevertheless offer a vast choice. Due to the number of the spray powders referred to in this document, in some ca
22、ses abbreviations are used. Exception is granted to details on the properties of sprayed coatings. Such properties resulting from spraying conditions not covered by this document, e.g. gas composition, deposition efficiency, material flow rate, stand off distance, etc., can differ greatly from the p
23、roperties of the original powder. Applications of powders for thermal spraying have been explicitly described in the relevant literature; therefore, a separate outline in this place is not necessary. This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the S
24、ABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 5 1 Scope This document covers powders, which are currently applicable in thermal spraying on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. This document specifies the composition and technical supply conditions of powders for thermal spraying. 2 Normative references The
25、following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 10204, Metallic products Types of inspection docum
26、ents. EN 23923-2, Metallic powders Determination of apparent density Part 2: Scott volumeter method (ISO 3923-2:1981). EN 23954, Powders for powder metallurgical purposes Sampling (ISO 3954:1977). EN ISO 4490, Metallic powders Determination of flow time by means of a calibrated funnel (Hall flowmete
27、r) (ISO 4490:2001). ISO 565, Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of openings. 3 Properties and property determination of powders for thermal spraying 3.1 Sampling and sample splitting Sampling and sample splitting is to be done from a homogeneou
28、s mixture uniform in particle size. Directions for adequate methods and equipment shall be as included in EN 23954. 3.2 Chemical composition The chemical composition shall be defined by any suitable testing procedure, e.g. wet chemical processes, atomic absorption spectrometry, flame emission spectr
29、oscopy, X-ray fluorescent analysis. 3.3 Particle size range Powders for thermal spraying always show a distribution of different particle sizes. This particle size distribution (PSD) has an immense influence on the melting and the feedability the powder and thus, among other things, essential proper
30、ties of the coating are assigned. The measuring of the PSD shall be made by standardised sieve analysis according to ISO 565 or better by optical measuring methods e.g. laser beam scattering because of its high accuracy and reproducibility. Usually, the results of the different measuring procedures
31、and also measuring devices do not coincide, even when identical powders are used. Therefore, when comparing particle size distributions or when alternating the particle size measuring procedure a correlation of the measurement results is necessary. For this reason it is essential to always indicate
32、the measuring procedure together with the measurement results. The minimum requirement in a powder according to this document is that it is permitted to exceed the upper limit of the PSD up to the next but one standard screen size and to under run the PSD lower limit by a maximum of 10 mass %. It sh
33、ould be noted, that the data for upper and lower limit depend on the chosen measuring procedure and when evaluating powders for HVOF (high velocity oxygen fuel-flame spraying) This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 6 s
34、pecial attention should be paid to fine particles (dust) because of their effect on the feeding and melting properties of the powder. Further these fine dust particle can clog the spray nozzle and so stop the whole coating process. For powders, which e.g. are used in the coating of turbine component
35、s, there are other restrictions on these tolerances, e.g. to 5 %, as well as the specification of particle size ranges with corresponding tolerance ranges between upper and lower limit. This, however, often leads to increased manufacturing costs of powder. These additional requirements in the measur
36、ing and the description of the measured values exceed the minimum requirements of this document and have to be stipulated between the powder supplier and the user in the technical delivery conditions (see Figure 1). Key x Particle size in m y Mass in % Figure 1 Typical size distribution 63/16 m 3.4
37、Manufacturing process particle shape The manufacturing process of powder shall be indicated. Using a term such as, for instance, fusing, sintering, agglomeration atomisation. The particle shape and its surface can be illustrated by means of scanning electron or stereo microscopy. In order to check f
38、or similarity the images can be compared to reference samples provided by the manufacturer. Example Figures are included in Annex A. 3.5 Apparent density Apparent powder density shall be determined as specified in EN 23923-2, and to be expressed as g/cm 3 . 3.6 Flowability The determination of the f
39、lowability of free flowing powders shall be effected according to EN ISO 4490 and expressed as s/50 g. As especially fine powders with a low specific weight are often not able to flow, it is not possible to determine the flowability in these cases. The results of the measurements of apparent density
40、 and flowability are determined by several properties of material and powder, as e.g. specific weight of the material, particle shape and structure of the powder particle This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 7 and si
41、ze distribution. Corresponding measured values and tolerances are to be stipulated between the supplier and the user if these characteristics of the powder shall be stated in the technical delivery conditions. 3.7 Microstructure The microstructure of a powder particle can be represented in a metallo
42、graphically prepared cross-section. The preparation method is of decisive importance, and should, therefore, be agreed upon between manufacturer and user. 3.8 Determination and composition of phases Determination of phases as regards type, quantity, shape, configuration, composition and size, in pol
43、yphase powders can be made by. e.g. X-ray microstructure analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), metallographic or quantitative image analysis. 3.9 Summary Each powder for thermal spraying according to this standard shall be characterised at least by the
44、 chemical composition, particle size distribution and measuring procedure and manufacturing process of the powder. 4 Classification of powders 4.1 General The powders for thermal spraying are categorised on the basis of their chemical composition into: pure metals; metallic alloys and composites; ca
45、rbides, carbides with metals, carbides with metallic alloys and composites; oxides; organic materials. Blended powders of several varying components are not itemised because of their infinite possible number. All percentages given in mass %. This standard may only be used and printed by approved sub
46、scription and freemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 8 4.2 Pure metals Table 1 Pure metals Chemical composition in % Code No. Main constituent O max. C max. N max. H max. Al max. Co max. 1.1 Ti 99 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,1 - - 1.2 Nb 99 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,1 - - 1.3 Ta 99 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,1 - - 1.4 Cr 98,5 0
47、,8 0,1 0,1 - 0,5 - 1.5 Mo 99 0,3 0,15 0,1 - - - 1.6 W 99 0,3 0,15 0,1 - - 0,3 1.7 Ni 99,3 0,5 0,1 0,1 - - - 1.8 Cu 99 - - - - - - 1.9 Al 99 0,5 - - - - - 1.10 Si 99 - - - - - - 1.11 Sn 99,9 - - - - - - 1.12 Zn 99,5 - - - - - - This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and f
48、reemailing clients of the SABS.EN 1274:2004 (E) 9 4.3 Metal alloys and composite material 4.3.1 Self-fluxing alloys Table 2 Self-fluxing alloys Chemical composition in % Code No. Match Code Hardness HRC C Ni Co Cr Cu W Mo Fe B Si 2.1 NiCuBSi 76 20 35 to 40 max. 0,05 Rem - - 19 to 21 - - max. 0,5 0,9
49、 to 1,3 1,8 to 2,0 2.2 NiBSi 96 15 to 30 max. 0,2 Rem - - - - - max. 2,0 1,0 to 4,0 2,0 to 5,0 2.3 NiCrBSi 90 4 30 to 35 0,1 to 0,2 Rem - 3 to 5 - - - max. 1,0 1,4 to 1,8 2,8 to 3,6 2.4 NiCrBSi 86 5 30 to 35 0,1 to 0,3 Rem - 4 to 6 - - - 3,0 to 5,0 0,8 to 1,2 2,8 to 3,2 2.5 NiCrBSi 88 5 30 to 35 0,1 to 0,4 Rem - 3 to 6 - -
