1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ICS 13.260 ISBN 0-626-16817-1 SANS 60479-4:2005Edition 1IEC TR 60479-4:2004Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Effects of current on human beings an
4、d livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes on human beings and livestock This national standard is the identical implementation of IEC TR 60479-4:2004 and is adopted with the permission of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groe
5、nkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 60479-4:2005 Edition 1 IEC TR 60479-4:2004 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Abstract Summarizes the basic parameters for lightning and the
6、ir variability insofar as they apply to human beings and livestock. It indicates the possible direct and indirect interactions of strikes with bodies of living beings and describes the resulting effects caused by lightning currents. It is intended to show the differences between effects on human bei
7、ngs and livestock due to lightning strokes and those effects of electric shocks derived from electrical systems. Keywords human, human body, lightning, lightning currents, lightning strikes. National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA TC 68, Security syste
8、ms, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. RAPPORT TECHNIQUE CEIIECTECHNICAL REPORT TR 60479-4Premire ditionFirst edition2004-07Effets du courant sur le corps humain et sur les animaux Partie 4: Effets de la foudre sur le corps h
9、umain et sur les animaux Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes on human beings and livestock IEC 2004 Droits de reproduction rservs Copyright - all rights reserved Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme
10、que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de lditeur. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
11、in writing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varemb, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, SwitzerlandTelephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch Q Commission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical
12、Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur For price, see current catalogueCODE PRIX PRICE CODE TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 3 CONTENTS FOREWORD.5 INTRODUCTION.9 1 Scope and object11 2 Normative references .11 3 Terms and definitions .11 3.1 Definitions of technical terms.11 3.2 Definitions of interacti
13、ons 15 3.3 Definitions of effects on organisms15 4 Physics of lightning 17 5 Interaction of strokes with human beings and livestock.17 5.1 Description of direct strike.17 5.2 Description of touch voltage 19 5.3 Description of side flash 19 5.4 Description of step-voltage 19 5.5 Description of flasho
14、ver.19 6 Effects of lightning strokes on the body of human beings and livestock 19 6.1 Physiological effects21 6.2 Pathophysiological effects .21 6.3 Thermal effects .21 6.4 Comparison between effects of electric shock and effects of lightning strokes.21 Annex A (informative) Figures23 Bibliography3
15、5 TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes on human beings and livestock FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comp
16、rising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Stan
17、dards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this prep
18、aratory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organi
19、zations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form o
20、f recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretatio
21、n by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regio
22、nal publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publ
23、ication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect,
24、 or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the cor
25、rect application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepa
26、re International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC 60479-4, is a technical report and has b
27、een prepared by technical committee 64: Electrical installations and protection against electric shock. TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 7 The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 64/1382/DTR 64/1396/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval
28、of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. IEC 60479 consists of the following parts under the general title Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 1:
29、General aspects Part 2: Special aspects: Chapter 4: Effects of alternating current with frequencies above 100 Hz Chapter 5: Effects of special waveforms of current Chapter 6: Effects of unidirectional single impulse currents of short duration Part 3: Effects of currents passing through the bodies of
30、 livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes on human beings and livestock The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific public
31、ation. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended. TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 9 INTRODUCTION IEC 60479 parts 1 to 3, deals with the effect of electric shock derived from electrical systems on the bodies of human beings and livestock. This part, w
32、hich is a technical report, describes the influence and effect of natural electricity in the form of lightning strokes during thunderstorms. Lightning current can consist of several uni-polar and/or bi-polar impulses with different peak values and durations; Chapter 6 of IEC 60479-2 does not cover t
33、hese effects. The interaction of a lightning stroke with the victims body is quite different from the usual experience with electric shock derived from electrical systems. The pathway often includes the head in lightning accidents. This implies a probable inclusion of the brain stem, which includes
34、the respiratory centre, in contrast with pathways of shock current arising from electrical systems. In particular it must be pointed out that differences exist between accidents caused by a direct flash compared with those interactions which are caused by step voltages. Even very short single impuls
35、es of lightning can cause cardio-pulmonary arrest 51, 6, 12 and 13. The intense electric interactions with living organisms are very dangerous but, surprisingly in many cases, not always lethal. It is accepted that 70 % or more lightning accidents involving humans are not fatal (see 1 and 9. Corresp
36、onding reliable data for livestock are not known. There is a large variation in outcome due to different environments, different activities of people and knowledge of first aid and quality of medical care 1 and 5. It has been necessary, therefore, to create a separate document concerning the special
37、 effects of lightning strokes. The physical behaviour of lightning is shown as a basis. The interaction with a living body is then described, followed by the consequences for the life of the victim. 1Figures in square brackets refer to the bibilography. TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 11 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON H
38、UMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes on human beings and livestock 1 Scope and object This technical report summarizes the basic parameters for lightning and their variability insofar as they apply to human beings and livestock. The possible direct and indirect interactions
39、 of strikes with bodies of living beings are indicated. The resulting effects caused by lightning currents for the organism are described. The intention is to show the differences of effects on human beings and livestock due to lightning strokes versus those effects of electric shocks derived from e
40、lectrical systems. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 604
41、79-1:1994, Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 1: General aspects IEC 61024-1:1997, Protection of structures against lightning 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in IEC 60479-1 in addition to the following definitions, apply. 3.1 Defini
42、tions of technical terms 3.1.1 lightning flash atmospheric discharge consisting of one or more strokes 3.1.2 lightning stroke single electrical discharge in a lightning flash 3.1.3 lightning channel conducting path of the lightning current TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 13 3.1.4 stepped and connecting leader p
43、re-discharge with low current and with low light emission, which opens the lightning channel as it grows 3.1.5 main stroke, return stroke bright lightened part with strong current discharge, which is initiated at that moment when the stepped and connecting leader comes into contact with the earth 3.
44、1.6 downward flash lightning flash initiated by a downward leader from a cloud to earth 3.1.7 upward flash lightning flash initiated by an upward leader from earth to cloud. That part of a stroke when the leader grows from earth to cloud 3.1.8 continuing current mean current of the long lasting comp
45、onent of the lightning current 3.1.9 peak value maximum value of the lightning current. This value ranges from 4 kA to 250 kA for the majority of positive and negative lightning strokes 7 3.1.10 flash charge time integral of the lightning current for the entire lightning duration. This value ranges
46、from 0,2 C to 350 C for the majority of positive and negative lightning strokes 7 3.1.11 impulse charge, short stroke charge time integral of the lightning current for the impulse part of the lightning duration. This value ranges from 0,22 C to 150 C for the majority of positive and negative lightni
47、ng strokes 7 3.1.12 specific energy energy dissipated by the lightning current in a unit resistance. It is the integral of the square of the lightning current for the duration of the lightning. This value ranges from 6 10 3J/ to 1,5 10 7J/ for the majority of positive and negative lightning strokes
48、7 3.1.13 average steepness average rate of change of current calculated over 10 % to 90 % of peak amplitude of the wave front 7. This value ranges from 0,2 kA/s to 99 kA/s for the majority of positive and negative lightning strokes 3.1.14 stroke duration range of 6,15 s to 2 000 s for the majority o
49、f positive and negative lightning strokes 7 3.1.15 stroke interval time interval between the beginnings of successive strokes TR 60479-4 IEC:2004 15 3.1.16 total flash duration time range of 0,1 ms to 1 100 ms for the majority of positive and negative lightning strokes 7 NOTE Experience show that the statistical distribution of the parameters in this subclause can be assumed to have a logarithmic normal distribut
