1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ICS 33.140; 33.180.01 ISBN 0-626-17728-6 SANS 61315:2006Edition 1IEC 61315:2005Edition 2SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Calibration of fibre-optic power
4、meters This national standard is the identical implementation of IEC 61315:2005 and is adopted with the permission of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 int
5、ernational code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 61315:2006 Edition 1 IEC 61315:2005 Edition 2 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Abstract Applicable to instruments measuring radiant power emitted from sources which are typical for the fibre-optic communications industry. The
6、se sources include laser diodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and fibre-type sources. The radiation may be divergent or collimated. Keywords calibration, fibre optics, laser diodes, LEDs, optical fibres, power meters, radiant power. National foreword This South African standard was approved by Natio
7、nal Committee StanSA SC 74A, Communication technology Fibre optics, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. NORME INTERNATIONALECEIIECINTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61315Deuxime ditionSecond edition2005-10Etalonnage de wattmtres pour disp
8、ositifs fibres optiques Calibration of fibre-optic power meters Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur For price, see current catalogue IEC 2005 Droits de reproduction rservs Copyright - all rights reserved Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce
9、soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de lditeur. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writ
10、ing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varemb, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, SwitzerlandTelephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch CODE PRIX PRICE CODE X Commission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Ele
11、ctrotechnical Commission 61315 IEC:2005 3 CONTENTS FOREWORD.5 INTRODUCTION.9 1 Scope.11 2 Normative references11 3 Terms and definitions .13 4 Preparation for calibration.27 4.1 Organization27 4.2 Traceability27 4.3 Advice for measurements and calibrations .29 4.4 Recommendations to customers 31 5 A
12、bsolute power calibration 31 5.1 Establishing the calibration conditions33 5.2 Calibration procedure 35 5.3 Calibration uncertainty .37 5.4 Reporting the results .51 6 Measurement uncertainty of a calibrated power meter .51 6.1 Uncertainty at reference conditions 51 6.2 Uncertainty at operating cond
13、itions 53 7 Nonlinearity calibration67 7.1 Nonlinearity calibration based on superposition 69 7.2 Nonlinearity calibration based on comparison with a calibrated power meter.73 7.3 Nonlinearity calibration based on comparison with an attenuator 75 7.4 Calibration of power meter for high power measure
14、ment 75 Annex A (normative) Mathematical basis 79 Bibliography85 Figure 1 Typical spectral responsivity of photoelectric detectors23 Figure 2 Example of a traceability chain27 Figure 3 Measurement setup for sequential, fibre-based calibration 33 Figure 4 Change of conditions and uncertainty43 Figure
15、 5 Determining and recording an extension uncertainty55 Figure 6 Possible subdivision of the optical reference plane into 10 x 10 squares, for the measurement of the spatial response 57 Figure 7 Wavelength dependence of response due to Fabry-Perot type interference .65 Figure 8 Measurement setup of
16、polarization dependent response .65 Figure 9 Nonlinearity calibration based on superposition.69 Figure 10 Measurement setup for nonlinearity calibration by comparison.73 Table 1 Typical calibration methods and correspondent power31 Table 2 Nonlinearity .71 61315 IEC:2005 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHN
17、ICAL COMMISSION _ CALIBRATION OF FIBRE-OPTIC POWER METERS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-op
18、eration on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to
19、as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this pr
20、eparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international co
21、nsensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable effort
22、s are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publication
23、s transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and ca
24、nnot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
25、members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publicati
26、on or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publicati
27、on may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61315 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1995. It co
28、nstitutes a technical revision. Changes from the previous edition of this International Standard consist of adapting the uncertainty calculations to the approach taken by the GUM, and adapting the terminology and graphical symbology to international standards VIM, IEC 61931 and IEC 61930. The import
29、ance of the nonlinearity calibration is emphasized by giving more detail and is now in a separate clause. 61315 IEC:2005 7 Requirements concerning organization and traceability have been taken out of this standard since they are general requirements concerning calibration laboratories and are given
30、in IEC/ISO 17025. The goal to standardize the type of power meter specifications has been removed since it does not belong in a standard on calibration. Specifications should, however, still be based on calibrations made following this standard and IEC 60359. The text of this standard is based on th
31、e following documents: FDIS Report on voting 86/239/FDIS 86/248/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The committee h
32、as decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised ed
33、ition, or amended. 61315 IEC:2005 9 INTRODUCTION Fibre-optic power meters are designed to measure optical power from fibre-optic sources as accurately as possible. This capability depends largely on the quality of the calibration process. In contrast to other types of measuring equipment, the measur
34、ement results of fibre-optic power meters usually depend on many conditions of measurement. The conditions of measurement during the calibration process are called calibration conditions. Their precise description must therefore be an integral part of the calibration. This International Standard def
35、ines all of the steps involved in the calibration process: establishing the calibration conditions, carrying out the calibration, calculating the uncertainty, and reporting the uncertainty, the calibration conditions and the traceability. The absolute power calibration describes how to determine the
36、 ratio between the value of the input power and the power meters result. This ratio is called correction factor. The measurement uncertainty of the correction factor is combined following Annex A from uncertainty contributions from the reference meter, the test meter, the setup and the procedure. Th
37、e calculations go through detailed characterizations of individual uncertainties. It is important to know that: a) estimations of the individual uncertainties are acceptable; b) a detailed uncertainty analysis is only necessary once for each power meter type under test, and all subsequent calibratio
38、ns can be based on this one-time analysis, using the appropriate type A measurement contributions evaluated at the time of the calibration; c) some of the individual uncertainties can simply be considered to be part of a checklist, with an actual value which can be neglected. Calibration according t
39、o Clause 5 is mandatory for reports referring to this standard. Clause 6 describes the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of a calibrated power meter operated within reference conditions or within operating conditions. It depends on the calibration uncertainty of the power meter as calculated
40、 in 5.3, the conditions and its dependence on the conditions. It is usually performed by manufacturers in order to establish specifications and is not mandatory for reports referring to this standard. One of these dependences, the nonlinearity, is determined in a separate calibration (Clause 7). NOT
41、E Fibre-optic power meters measure and indicate the optical power in the air, at the end of an optical fibre. It is about 3,6 % lower than in the fibre due to Fresnel reflection at the glass-air boundary (with N = 1,47). This should be kept in mind when the power in the fibre has to be known. 61315
42、IEC:2005 11 CALIBRATION OF FIBRE-OPTIC POWER METERS 1 Scope This international standard is applicable to instruments measuring radiant power emitted from sources which are typical for the fibre-optic communications industry. These sources include laser diodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and fibre-
43、type sources. The radiation may be divergent or collimated. The standard describes the calibration of power meters to be performed by calibration laboratories or by power meter manufacturers. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this docu
44、ment. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-300, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Electrical and electronic measurements and measuring instruments Part 311: Ge
45、neral terms relating to measurements Part 312: General terms relating to electrical measurements Part 313: Types of electrical measuring instruments Part 314: Specific terms according to the type of instrument IEC 60359, Electrical and electronic measurement equipment Expression of performance IEC 6
46、0793-2, Optical fibres Part 2: Product specifications General IEC 61300-3-12, Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 3-12: Examinations and measurements Polarization dependence of attenuation of a single-mode fibre optic component: Matri
47、x calculation method IEC 61930, Fibre optic graphical symbology IEC 61931, Fibre optic Terminology ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML:1993, International vocabulary of basic terms in metrology (V
48、IM) BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML:1995, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) 61315 IEC:2005 13 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions contained in IEC 61931 and the following definitions apply. 3.1 accredited cal
49、ibration laboratory a calibration laboratory authorized by the appropriate national organization to issue calibration certificates with a minimum specified uncertainty, which demonstrate traceability to national standards 3.2 adjustment set of operations carried out on an instrument in order that it provides given indications corresponding to given values of the measurand IEV 311-03-16; see also VIM 4.30 NOTE When the inst
