1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21115-8 SANS 77:2008Edition 3.3Any reference to SABS 77 is deemedto be a reference to this standard(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 Novemb
4、er 2002)SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Wooden handles for brooms, hay forks, and rakes (including general requirements for other wooden handles for tools) Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 internationa
5、l code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt 1 1981 The amendment has been incorporated and the scope of the amendment is no longer available. Amdt 2 1983 The amendment has been incorporated and the scope of the amendment
6、 is no longer available. Amdt 3 2008 Amended to change the designation of SABS standards to SANS standards, to remove reference to the standardization mark scheme, to update the definition of “acceptable”, and to update referenced standards. Foreword This South African standard was approved by Natio
7、nal Committee StanSA SC 5110.08C, Sawn timber and semi-manufactured timber products Wooden handles, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in July 2008. This document supersedes SABS 77:1975 (second re
8、vision, reprint 1983). A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No. 3. Preface Experience gained during generations of use has shown that the timbers best suited for handles have a high degree of toughness, a property particularly important in han
9、dles of tools such as picks and mattocks, the use of which involves severe impacts. The pick strikes the soil or rock with great force from a vertical or a nearly vertical direction. On impact with the ground it is suddenly checked and energy is partly dissipated in removing the soil or rock and par
10、tly absorbed in that part of the handle which is in the eye of the pick. If the wood is not tough, the energy absorbed in this manner is sufficient to cause mechanical damage to the handle. When a pick is deeply embedded in the soil or is used to lever out a rock, further stresses (that alternate be
11、tween compression and tension) are put on the pick handle in releasing the pick. The quality of toughness permits the wood to undergo considerable deformation before failing, and ensures that any eventual failure is splintery rather than a complete break. Shock travelling through the handle and felt
12、 as jarring in the hands is a function of the property of stiffness. Very generally it may be said that stiff timbers transmit shock waves more readily. Our local timbers have had to compete (nearly always in a virtually ungraded state) with graded imported timbers. Consequently their reputation has
13、 suffered. Careful grading will go a long way towards removing prejudice against local timbers for service as handles. The potential mechanical properties of most kinds of woods used are known and, by grading, the handles produced should normally have above-average mechanical strength. However, when
14、 handles are tested for mechanical strength, the results apply only to the handles actually tested and do not necessarily apply to the general run of handles manufactured. Lastly, attention must be drawn to the difficulties encountered in laying down and complying with precise requirements for a nat
15、ural product such as timber. SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 1 Contents Page Foreword Preface 1 Scope 3 2 Definitions 3 3 Requirements for handles . 4 4 Packing and marking. 10 5 Sampling and compliance with the specification. 10 6 Inspection and methods of test . 11 6.1 Inspection. 11 6.2 Measurement of d
16、efects 11 6.3 Sequence of testing . 12 6.4 Dimensions and squareness of sawn ends . 13 6.5 Warp. 13 6.6 Moisture content. 13 6.7 Density . 16 6.8 Determination of presence of zinc-naphthenate in sapwood. 17 6.9 Determination of presence of boric acid in wood. 17 Appendix A Applicable standards. 19 A
17、ppendix B Notes to purchasers 19 Appendix C Volumes and minimum masses for cylindrical handles 20 SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 2 This page is intentionally left blank SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 3 Wooden handles for brooms, hay forks, and rakes (including general requirements for other wooden handles for t
18、ools) 1 Scope 1.1 This specification covers detailed requirements for one grade of wooden handles for brooms, hay-forks, and rakes. In addition, the requirements for species, moisture content, shape, finish, defects other than permissible defects, preservative treatment, packing and marking and samp
19、ling procedures, criteria of compliance with the specification, inspection and methods of test for the following handles are given: a) Wooden handles for beater picks, mattocks, and picks (made to SANS 268) b) Wooden handles for forks, shovels, and spades (made to SANS 269) c) Wooden handles for ham
20、mers (made to SANS 292) d) Wooden handles for axes (made to SANS 573) e) Wooden handles for hatchets (made to SANS 672) f) Wooden handles for universal type picks (made to SANS 692) NOTE a) The standards referred to in the specification are listed in appendix A. b) Requirements that must be specifie
21、d by the purchaser and those that may be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser are listed in appendix B. c) Volumes and minimum masses for cylindrical handles are given in appendix C. d) Assessment of compliance with all the requirements of 3.8 requires special agreement between supplier and pu
22、rchaser. Amdt 3 2 Definitions 2.1 For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply: Amdt 3 abrupt dipped grain local deviation of the fibre (from its general direction) in excess of 10 mm when measured over a distance of 100 mm SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 4 acceptable accept
23、able to the authority administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase contract, as relevant Amdt 3 brittle heart wood characterized by abnormal brittleness caused by natural compression failures in the fibres compression failure failure caused by excessive compression parallel
24、 to the grain (i.e. compression applied either directly on the ends or by bending) NOTE Natural compression failures may develop in standing trees, owing to internal stresses set up by rain, snow, unequal growth, etc. They appear as minute fractures running across the grain (the fibres being distort
25、ed by compression or broken transversely) and are often difficult to detect until the timber is machined. defective a handle that fails in one or more respects to comply with the appropriate requirements of the specification end check a check occurring on the end-cross-section of the head or the gri
26、p lot not less than 20 and not more than 1 500 handles of the same shape, dimensions and, when relevant, type, made by one manufacturer, submitted at any one time for inspection and testing machine chip a chip mark caused by irregular planing or irregular turning machine skip an unplaned or unturned
27、 area in surfaced or dressed timber slope of grain the degree of slope measured (in an area free from local deviations caused by natural defects) over the worst 200 mm length and expressed as a deviation per unit of length, e.g. deviation 10 mm in 200 mm or 1:20 superficial end check an end check th
28、at does not, at any point, have a depth greater than 5 mm or a width greater than 0,2 mm superficial fine check a check that does not, at any point, have a depth greater than 3 mm or a width greater than 0,4 mm superficial hair check a check that does not, at any point, have a depth greater than 2 m
29、m or a width greater than 0,2 mm 3 Requirements for handles 3.1 Type The handles shall be of one of the following types, as specified by the purchaser: a) Type 1. Handles for brooms and rakes. b) Type 2. Handles for hay-forks. SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 5 3.2 Species 3.2.1 Handles for brooms and rakes
30、 The wood used may be of any species that has a density, determined in accordance with 6.7 of at least 0,44 g/cm3at a moisture content of 12 %. 3.2.2 Handles for other implements and tools The species shall be one of those listed in columns 1 and 2 of table 1 and when relevant, shall be the particul
31、ar species specified by the purchaser. The wood shall have the appropriate density, determined in accordance with 6.7 given in columns 3, 4, or 5 (as relevant) of table 1. 3.3 Moisture content The moisture content of a handle, determined in accordance with 6.6, at the time of despatch, shall not exc
32、eed 15 %, except that in the case of handles for picks, beater picks, and mattocks complying with the requirements of SANS 268, it shall not exceed 20 %. 3.4 Shape In handles of a non-parallel shape, acceptable deviations from the general shape shall be permitted, provided that the strength is not i
33、mpaired, i.e. that the dimensions at critical points in the cross-section of the handle are not less than the relevant specified minima. 3.5 Dimensions of broom, rake, and hay-fork handles The nominal length and nominal diameter of the handles shall be as specified by the purchaser and shall, prefer
34、ably, be one of the combinations given in table 2 (which are those to which handles are normally manufactured in commercial quantities). The actual dimensions, measured in accordance with 6.4, shall not differ from the nominal values by more than 10 mm in the case of the length and 1 mm in the case
35、of the diameter. 3.6 Defects 3.6.1 Defects not allowed Handles shall be free from the following defects: a) brittle heart; b) decay; c) slope of grain in excess of 1 in 20; d) abrupt dipped grain; e) insect damage; f) pith; g) reaction wood; h) compression failures; SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 6 i) cro
36、ss-break; and j) ring shakes and splinters. 3.6.2 Permissible defects When a handle made to SANS 77 is inspected in accordance with 6.1 and tested in accordance with 6.5 the defects listed in column 1 of table 3 shall be permitted provided that they do not exceed the appropriate maxima laid down in
37、column 2. 3.7 Finish 3.7.1 Shaft The parts of a handle that will be exposed in the assembled tool shall have a smooth, sanded finish. Coating with a transparent sealer (e.g. a light-coloured wax or a clear varnish) shall be acceptable. 3.7.2 Ends a) Sawn ends. Sawn ends shall be finished square to w
38、ithin 3 to the longitudinal axis. b) Moulded ends. Moulded ends shall have a smooth finish. 3.8 Preservative treatment 3.8.1 General When so required by the purchaser, handles shall have been treated (in accordance with SANS 10005) with a zinc naphthenate or a boron preservative. The moisture conten
39、t at the time of a pressure impregnation shall not exceed 15 % and the treatment shall be applied after sanding and, when relevant, before sealing. In the case of diffusion impregnation with a boron preservative, the solution shall be applied within 24 h of sawing of the unseasoned billets. SANS 77:
40、2008 Edition 3.3 7 Table 1 Species and minimum densities of wood for handles (other than handles for brooms and rakes) 1 2 3 4 5 Density at a moisture content of 12 % g/cm3, min. Striking tools Other tools Group A Group B Group C Botanical name* Standard trade name Hammers+, universal type picks Axe
41、s, beater picks, hammers, hatchets, mattocks, picks Hay-forks, forks, shovels, spadesCarya spp. Hickory 0,74 0,67 0,59 Eucalyptus paniculata Paniculata 0,96 0,83 0,80 Eucalyptus fraxinoides Fraxinoides 0,64 0,54 0,50 Eucalyptus citriodora Citriodora 0,83 0,77 0,64 Eucalyptus globulus Bluegum 0,85 0,
42、80 0,70 Eucalyptus pilularis Pilularis 0,80 0,72 0,68 Eucalyptus punctata Punctata 0,95 0,83 0,74 Eucalyptus diversicolor Karri 0,70 0,60 0,55 Fraxinus excelsior European ash 0,75 0,64 0,59 Prunus africana Bitter almond 0,90 0,80 0,70 Celtis africana Kamdeboo 0,75 0,65 0,60 Eucalyptus maculata Macul
43、ata 0,82 0,72 0,66 Mimusops spp. 0,92 0,80 0,70 Eucalyptus resinifera Resinifera 0,82 0,72 Diospyros whyteana Swartbas 0,83 0,73 0,60 Eucalyptus microcorys Microcorys 1,03 0,88 0,78 Eucalyptus fastigata Fastigata 0,65 Albizia adianthifolia Flatcrown 0,50 Cassipourea gummiflua Onionwood 0,55 Eucalypt
44、us sideroxylon Sideroxylon 0,80 Eucalyptus obliqua Obliqua 0,70 Eucalyptus botryoides Botryoides 0,85 Funtumia latifolia Bastard wild rubber 0,50 Pinus canariensis Canariensis 0,64 Pinus pinaster Pinaster 0,53 Pinus radiata Radiata Not suitable for handles of striking tools 0,56 * The timbers are li
45、sted in descending order of toughness based on tests conducted by the Forest Research Institute, Pretoria. + Claw hammer handles and all other hammer handles of length at least 600 mm. Hammer handles (other than claw hammer handles) of length less than 600 mm. Amdt 3SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 8 Table
46、2 Nominal dimensions of handles for brooms, rakes, and hay-forks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nominal length Nominal diameter mm mm 1 100 22 or 25 1 200 22 or 25 or 28 1 500 22 or 25 or 28 or 30 or 32 1 700 28 or 30 or 32 or 35 1 800 28 or 30 or 32 or 35 Table 3 Permissible defects 1 2 Defect Permissible Knots a)
47、Sound Number Diameter (or, for a through knot, the sum of diameters).b) Dead knots, loose knots, and knot-holesTwo 6 mm Nil Checks (including end checks)* Nil Splits At tool-end Number Length WidthOn rest of handleOne 25 mm 0,5 mm Nil Skips and wane+Number Sum of lengths .WidthDepthNot limited 100 m
48、m 3 mm 1 mm Machine chips+Number DepthThree 1 mm Kino and gum veins a) Tight .b) Open Number Sum of lengths .WidthNot limited Not limited 100 mm 2 mm Warp Handles of length not exceeding 1 200 mm Handles of length over 1 200 mm .3 mm 6 mm * Superficial hair checks and superficial end checks shall no
49、t be regarded as defects. + Provided that the seating is not adversely affected. SANS 77:2008 Edition 3.3 9 3.8.2 Preservation with a zinc naphthenate solution a) Preservative The preservative shall be zinc naphthenate solution that complies with the requirements of SANS 38, the solvent being power paraffin or white spirits (mineral turpentine) or a mixture of these. NOTE For handles that are to be painted or varnished after chemical impregnation the solvent should be white spirits. b) Impregnation Impregnation shall be carried out by a pressure process (full-cell or em
