1、 TIA/EIA ANSI/TIA/EIA-455-113-1996 Approved: December 27, 1996 Reaffirmed: December 26, 2001 STANDARD FOTP-113 Polarization-Mode Dispersion Measurement for Single-Mode Optical Fibers by the Fixed Analyzer Method TIAIEIA-455-113 1 FEBRUARY 1997 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION The Teleconmiuni
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7、cognizance of the TIA FO-6.6 Subcommittee on Optical Fibers.) This Document was reaffirmed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 26,200 1, and by the TIA. Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 1997 Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arl
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17、F SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. STD-EIA TIA-455-113-ENGL 1997 = 3Z34bOO Ob17172 254 E TINEIA-455-113 FOTP-113 Polarization-mode dispersion measurem
18、ent for single-mode optical fibers by the fixed analyzer method Contents Foreword 1 . Introduction . 2 . Normative references 3 . Apparatus . 4 . Sampling and specimens 5 . Procedure 6 . Calculations or interpretation of results 7 . Documentation 8 . Specification information Annex A - Single vs . m
19、ultiple measurements Annex B - Peak identification algorithm for cycle counting . Annex C - Fourier analysis theoretical background . Annex D - Symbology . Annex E - Comparison between FOTP-113 and IEC, ISO, and ITU requirements . Annex F - PMD intercomparison results and observations Annex G - Refe
20、rences . iii 1 3 3 5 6 7 12 13 14 16 19 23 25 26 30 i STD-EIA TIA-455-lL3-ENGL 1997 E 3234600 Ob37373 170 W TIA/EIA-455-113 Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of equipment (typical) . Figure 2 - Typical data obtained in measuring PMD Figure 3 - PMD using Fourier analysis 31 32 33 II STD*EIA TIA-455-333-EN
21、GL 1997 3234600 Ob17374 027 H TINEIA-455-1 13 FOTP-I 13 Polarization-mode dispersion measurement for single-mode optical fibers by the fixed analyzer method Foreword (This Foreword is informative only and is not part of this Standard.) This FOTP is from TIA Standards Proposal No. 31 52, formulated u
22、nder the cognizance of TIA F0-6.6, Subcommittee on Optical Fibers and Materials. This FOTP is part of the series of test procedures included within Recommended Standard EIMIA-455. There are seven annexes, all of which are informative. Key words: analyzer, dispersion, polarization, optical fi bers. *
23、 111 STD-EIA TIA-455-113-ENGL 1997 3234600 Ob37175 Tb3 W TINEIA-455-1 13 1. Introduction 1.1 Intent This test method describes a procedure for measuring the polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) of single-mode optical fibers. It produces a single measurement value that represents the PMD over the measu
24、rement wavelength range of typically a few hundred nanometers. The method can be applied to both short and long fibers in the limits of both zero and strong polarization mode coupling. Under some circumstances, repeated measurements are necessary to achieve satisfactory precision using this FOTP - s
25、ee Annex A. The procedure is restricted to wavelengths greater than or equal to that at which the fiber is effectively single-mode. 1.2 Background PMD causes an optical pulse to spread in the time domain; this dispersion could impair the performance of a system. The effect can be related to differen
26、tial phase and group velocities and corresponding differential arrival times 6r for different polarization components of the signal. PMD is a major cause of changes in the state of polarization with wavelength, an effect which provides the basis for this FOTP. For a sufficiently narrow band source,
27、this effect can be related to a differential group delay (DGD) time AT between pairs of orthogonally polarized principal states of polarization (PSP). In long fiber spans, PMD is a random effect since it depends on the details of the birefringence along the entire fiber length. It is also sensitive
28、to time-dependent temperature and mechanical perturbations on the fiber. For this reason, a useful way to characterize PMD in long fibers is in terms of the expected value given by the RMS pulse broadening, or the mean DGD between PSPs. In principle, the expected value does not undergo large changes
29、 for a given fiber from day to day or from source to source, unlike the parameters 6r or Ar. In addition, is a useful predictor of lightwave system performance. The term “PMD“ is used both in the general sense of the phenomenon of two polarizations having different group velocities, and in the speci
30、fic sense of the expected value . The DGD AT or pulse broadening 67 can be averaged over wavelength, yielding AT, or time, yielding AT, or temperature, yielding . 1 TIMIA-455-1 13 The coupling length I, is the length of fiber or cable at which appreciable coupling between the two polarization modes
31、begins to occur. If the fiber length L satisfies L scales with fiber length, and the corresponding PMD coefficient is “short-length PMD coefficient = I, regime. In this case scales with the square root of fiber length, and “long-length PMD coefficient = -=AT/L . (2) is the average over the measureme
32、nt wavelength range, as shown in eq (4). in the L = AT, i.e., the PMD equals the DGD. When Fourier analysis is used (6.2), and in the limit of L cc I, is obtained simply from the centroid value of 67 values obtained over the measurement wavelength range. For the L I, limit, -=AT is determined from t
33、he second moment of the distribution PT) of 67 values obtained over the measurement wavelength range. STD-EIA TIA-455-113-ENGL 1777 = 3234b00 Ob17177 836 TINEIA-455-1 13 2. Normative references Test or inspection requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following references: (EIAlTIA-45
34、5-A) Standards Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and other Fiber Optic Components FOTP-57 (EIA-455-57) Optical Fiber End Preparation and Examination FOTP-80 (EIA-455-80) Cutoff Wavelength of Uncabled Single-mode Fiber by Transmi
35、ffed Power FOTP-122 (EIA-455-122) Polarization-Mode Dispersion Measurement for Single- Mode Optical fibers by Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis FOTP-170 (EIA-455-170) Cable Cutoff wavelength of Single-mode Fiber by Transmitted Po wer FOTP-I 24 (EIA-455-I 24) Polarizafion-Mode Dispersion Measurernenf for Si
36、ngle- Mode Optical Fibers by Interferornetic Method Users of this FOTP are encouraged to specify the most recent edition of the FOTPs referenced above. Caution: Do not casually make the decision to require the most recent edition of a referenced FOTP. There have been instances when document revision
37、s have completely changed the intent, application, use, etc., of a document such that the requirement to use an edition more recent than the one originally reviewed may be totally inappropriate. 3. Apparatus See Figure I for a schematic diagram of the key components in a typical measurement system.
38、3.1 Light source Use a light source that emits radiation at the intended measurement wavelengths, such as a broadband lamp, light emitting diode(s), or tunable laser(s). It shall be stable in 3 STD.EIA TIA-455-113-ENGL 1997 I 3234600 Ob17178 772 TINEIA-455-1 13 intensity and spectral distribution ov
39、er a time period long enough to perform the measurement. 3.2 Monochromator Obtain a specified set of test wavelengths by filtering the light source with a monochromator as in Figure l(a), or by using an optical spectrum analyzer as the detector, as in Figure l(b). This filtering is not needed when t
40、he source is a tunable laser (see Figure 1 (c). The spectral distribution must be narrow enough to avoid major depolarization of the signal under the influence of the PMD of the fiber under test (see 6.1.4 and 6.2.8). 3.3 Input optics An optical lens system or single-mode fiber pigtail may be employ
41、ed to excite the test fiber. The power coupled into the fiber shall be stable for the duration of the test. 3.3.1 Fiber pigtail if pigtails are used (as in Figures l(b) and l(c), interference effects due to reflections should be avoided. This may require index matching materials or angled cleaves. T
42、he pigtails shall be single-mode. 3.3.2 Optical lens system If an optical lens system is used, some suitable means, such as a vacuum chuck, shall be used to stably support the input end of the fiber. 3.4 Cladding mode stripper Remove any cladding mode power from the test fiber. Under most circumstan
43、ces, the fiber coating will perform this function; otherwise, employ a device that extracts cladding mode power. 3.5 output optics All power emitted from the test fiber must be coupled onto the active region of the detection system (see Figure 1). An optical lens system, a butt splice to a single-mo
44、de fiber pigtail, or an index-matched fiber-to-fiber coupling made directly to the detection system are examples of means that may be used. 4 STD*EIA TIA-455-113-ENGL 1777 323LibDO ObLL79 b09 = TIA/EIA-455-113 3.6 Signal detection For signal detection, use an optical detector that is linear and stab
45、le over the range of intensities and measurement times that are encountered in performing the measurement. A typical system might include synchronous detection by a chopper/lock-in amplifier, an optical power meter, optical spectrum analyzer, or a polarimeter. To use the entire spectral range of the
46、 source, the detection system must have a wavelength range which includes the wavelengths produced by the light source. 3.7 Polarizer and analyzer The polarizer at the fiber input (Figure I) is needed only if the launch beam is not already polarized (usually a 3 dB extinction ratio is sufficient). T
47、he angular orientation of. the polarizers is not critical but should remain fixed throughout the measurement (see 5.2 and 5.3). With weak mode coupling, some adjustment of the polarizer orientation may be helpful in maximizing the amplitude of the oscillations in Figure 2(a). Alternatively, this may
48、 be achieved by rotation of the fiber(s) at splices or connectors. The analyzer is not needed when a polarimeter is used for signal detection (Figure 1 w. 4. Sampling and specimens 4.1 The test sample shall be a known length of single-mode optical fiber which may or may not be cabled. The sample and
49、 pigtails must be fixed in position at a nominally constant temperature throughout the measurement. The standard ambient conditions described in Table 1 of EIMlA-455-A shall be employed unless otherwise specified. Mechanical and temperature stability of the test device may be observed by measuring the output power from the fiber at a fixed wavelength, with the output analyzer in place. In a time period corresponding to a typical complete measurement, the output power change should be small relative to the changes produced by a wavelength increment.
