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12、HESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA-1016-A Editor 1 2 Sassan Ahmadi, Ph.D. 3 Nokia Inc. 4 1 (858) 831-5916 5 6 Revision History 7 8 Revision Description Date TIA-1016 VMR-WB algorithmic description (Service Option 62) corresponding to operating modes in Rate-Se
13、t II July 2004 TIA-1016-A VMR-WB algorithmic description (Service Options 62 and 63) corresponding to operating modes in Rate-Set I and Rate-Set II Note: The algorithmic description and the operation of Rate-Set II compliant modes of VMR-WB (i.e., VMR-WB mode 0, 1, 2, 2 with maximum half-rate, and 3
14、) are identical to those described in TIA-1016. April 2005 9 10 11 TIA-1016-A 3FOREWORD 1 These technical requirements form a standard for Service Options 62 and 63, source-controlled 2 variable-rate multimode two-way wideband speech Service Option (VMR-WB). VMR-WB has a 3 number of operating modes
15、where each mode corresponds to a certain quality and average data rate. 4 VMR-WB modes 0, 1, and 2 associated with Service Option 62 are fully compliant with Rate-Set II of 5 CDMA systems. The maximum speech-coding rate of the Service Option 62 is 13.3 kbps. VMR-WB 6 mode 4 associated with Service O
16、ption 63 is fully compliant with Rate-Set I of CDMA systems. The 7 maximum speech-coding rate of the Service Option 63 is 8.55 kbps. 8 VMR-WB standard is also interoperable with 3GPP/AMR-WB (ITU-T/G.722.2) standard at 12.65, 9 8.85, and 6.60 kbps. While support for AMR-WB codec modes 6.60 and 8.85 k
17、bps is included in 10 VMR-WB, due to insufficient quality of these modes, the use of these modes for voice services is not 11 recommended. The VMR-WB acronym has been chosen to reflect the algorithmic similarities and 12 interoperability between the two codecs. This document further describes the ne
18、cessary interworking 13 functions for establishing an interoperable interconnection between VMR-WB and AMR-WB in circuit-14 switched networks. The details of interoperable interconnection between VMR-WB and AMR-WB in 15 packet-switched networks as well as transport of VMR-WB encoded speech data over
19、 the Internet 16 Protocol are described in a separate specification developed by Internet Engineering Task Force 17 (IETF) for VMR-WB 29. The applications of the AMR-WB interoperable mode and methods for 18 initiation and setup of interoperable calls are beyond the scope of this specification. 19 Th
20、e VMR-WB standard, while a wideband speech codec by default, is capable of processing 20 narrowband input speech signals and produce narrowband outputs in all modes of operation. 21 Therefore, the procedures for initialization and call setup using Service Options 62 and 63 can utilize 22 either or b
21、oth narrowband and wideband speech processing capabilities of VMR-WB codec. 23 This standard does not address the quality or reliability of Service Options 62 and 63, nor does it 24 cover equipment performance or measurement procedures. 25 26 27 TIA1016-A 4NOTES 1 1. The associated TIA-1017-A, “Reco
22、mmended Minimum Performance Standard for the variable-rate 2 multimode wideband speech codec, Service Options 62 and 63,” provides specifications and 3 measurement methods. 4 2. “Base station” refers to the functions performed on the landline side, which are typically distributed 5 among a cell, a s
23、ector of a cell, a mobile switching center, and a personal communications switching 6 center. 7 3. This document uses the following verbal forms: “Shall” and “shall not” identify requirements to be 8 followed strictly to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted. “Should” and
24、9 “should not” indicate that one of several possibilities is recommended as particularly suitable, without 10 mentioning or excluding others; that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily 11 required; or that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is disc
25、ouraged but not 12 prohibited. “May” and “need not” indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the 13 standard. “Can” and “cannot” are used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, 14 physical, or causal. 15 4. Footnotes appear at various points in this speci
26、fication to elaborate and further clarify items 16 discussed in the body of the specification. 17 5. Unless indicated otherwise, this document presents numbers in decimal form. 18 Binary numbers are distinguished in the text by the use of single quotation marks. In some tables, 19 binary values may
27、appear without single quotation marks if table notation clearly specifies that 20 values are binary. The character x is used to represent a binary bit of unspecified value. For 21 example xxx00010 represents any 8-bit binary value such that the least significant five bits equal 22 00010. 23 Hexadeci
28、mal numbers (base 16) are distinguished in the text by use of the form 0xhK h, where 24 hK h represents a string of hexadecimal digits. For example, 0x2FA1 represents a number whose 25 binary value is 10111110100001 and whose decimal value is 12913. 26 27 TIA-1016-A 5NOTES 1 6. The following convent
29、ions apply to mathematical expressions in this standard: 2 x indicates the largest integer less than or equal to x: 1.1 = 1, 0.1 = 1, and 1.1 =-2. 3 x indicates the smallest integer greater than or equal to x: 1.1 = 2, 0.2 = 2, and 1.1 =-4 1. 5 x indicates the absolute value of x: 17 =17, 17 =17. 6
30、indicates exclusive OR. 7 min(x, y) indicates the minimum of x and y. 8 max(x, y) indicates the maximum of x and y. 9 In figures, indicates multiplication. In formulas within the text, multiplication is implicit. For 10 example, if h(n) and pL(n) are functions, then h(n) pL(n) = h(n) pL(n). 11 x mod
31、 y indicates the remainder after dividing x by y: x mod y = x - (y yx / ). 12 round(x) is traditional rounding: round(x) = sign(x) 5.0+x , where 13 () .0x10x1xsign=14 indicates summation. If the summation symbol specifies initial and terminal values, and the 15 initial value is greater than the term
32、inal value, then the value of the summation is 0. For example, 16 if N=0, and if f(n) represents an arbitrary function, then 17 =N1n0.f(n)18 The bracket operator, , isolates individual bits of a binary value. VARn refers to bit n of the 19 binary representation of the value of the variable VAR, such
33、 that VAR0 is the least significant bit 20 of VAR. The value of VARn is either 0 or 1. 21 Unless otherwise specified log(x) denotes logarithm at base 10 throughout this document. 22 23 TIA1016-A 6REFERENCES 1 The following standards contain provisions; through reference in this text constitute provi
34、sions of this 2 Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to 3 revision, and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the 4 possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. AN
35、SI and TIA 5 maintain registers of currently valid national standards published by them. 6 7 Normative References: 8 1. ANSI/EIA/TIA-579-A-98, Telecommunications Telephone Terminal Equipment Transmission 9 Requirements for Digital Wireline Telephones, Nov. 1998. 10 2. ITU-T Recommendation G.711, Pul
36、se Code Modulation (PCM) of Voice Frequencies, Vol. 11 III, Geneva, November 1988. 12 3. ITU-T Recommendation G.712, Transmission Performance Characteristics of Pulse Code 13 Modulation, November 2001. 14 4. ITU-T Recommendation P.79, Calculation of loudness ratings for telephone sets, September 15
37、1999. 16 5. IEEE Standard 269-2002, Standard Method for Measuring Transmission Performance of 17 Analog and Digital Telephone Set, Handsets and Headset, 2002. 18 6. TIA-2000.3-D, Medium Access Control (MAC) Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum 19 Systems, March 2004. 20 7. TIA-2000.5-D, Upper Layer
38、 (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum 21 Systems, March 2004. 22 8. TIA-127-A, Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3 for Wideband Spread 23 Spectrum Digital Systems, May 2004. 24 9. 3GPP TS 26.190, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Transcoding functions, December 2001.
39、25 10. 3GPP TS 26.173, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; ANSI-C code, March 2002. 26 11. 3GPP TS 26.174, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Test sequences, December 2001. 27 12. 3GPP TS 26.193, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Source Controlled Rate Operation, March 28 2001. 29 13. 3GPP TS 26.194, AMR Wideband Speech Co
40、dec; Voice Activity Detection (VAD), March 30 2001. 31 14. 3GPP TS 26.192, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Comfort Noise Aspects, March 2001. 32 15. 3GPP TS 26.191, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Error Concealment of Lost Frames, 33 March 2002. 34 16. 3GPP TS 26.201, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Frame Structur
41、e, March 2001. 35 17. 3GPP TS 26.202, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Interface to RAN, March 2001. 36 18. 3GPP TS 26.976, AMR Wideband Speech Codec; Performance characterization, June 37 2001. 38 19. TIA-1015, 3GPP2 File Formats for Multimedia Services, January 2004. 39 40 TIA-1016-A 7Informative Refere
42、nces: 1 20. J. D. Johnston, “Transform Coding of Audio Signals Using Perceptual Noise Criteria,” IEEE 2 Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 314-323, February 1988. 3 21. W.B. Kleijn, P. Kroon, and D. Nahumi, “The RCELP speech-coding algorithm,” European 4 Transactions on
43、Telecommunications, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 573582, 1994. 5 22. L.R. Rabiner and R.W. Schaefer, Digital processing of speech signals, Prentice-Hall Int., 6 1978 7 23. Y. Bistritz and S. Pellerm “Immitance Spectral Pairs (ISP) for speech encoding”, in 8 Proceedings of ICASSP93, pp. II-9 II-12, 1993. 9 24.
44、 P. Kabal and R.P. Ramachandran, “The computation of line spectral frequencies using 10 Chebyshev polynomials”, IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 34, 11 no. 6, pp. 1419-1426, 1986 12 25. ITU-T Recommendation P.341, Transmission Characteristics for Wideband (150-7000 Hz) 13
45、 Digital Hands-Free Telephony Terminals, February 1998. 14 26. ITU-T Recommendation P.311, Transmission Characteristics for Wideband (150-7000 Hz) 15 Digital Handset Telephones, February 1998. 16 27. I. A. Gerson and M. A. Jasiuk, “Techniques for improving the performance of CELP type 17 speech code
46、rs”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.10, no.5, pp. 858-18 865, June 1992. 19 28. U. Mittal, J. P. Ashley, and E. M. Cruz-zeno, “Low Complexity Joint Optimization of 20 Excitation Parameters in Analysis-by-Synthesis Speech Coding,” in Proceedings 21 Eurospeech 2003, 1261-1264. 2
47、2 29. S. Ahmadi, Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for the Variable-Rate 23 Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) Audio Codec, RFC xxxx, Internet Engineering Task Force 24 (IETF), February 2005. 25 30. TIA-1016, Source-Controlled Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband Speech Codec (VMR-WB) 26 Servic
48、e Option 62 for Spread Spectrum Systems, 3GPP2 Technical Specification, July 2004. 27 31. M. Jelnek, R. Salami, S. Ahmadi, B. Bessette, P. Gournay and C. Laflamme, ”On the 28 Architecture of the cdma2000 Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) Speech 29 Coding Standard”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. o
49、n Acoustic., Speech and Signal Processing 30 (ICASSP), Montreal, PQ, Canada, Vol. 1, pp. 281-284, May, 2004. 31 32. ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004, Information technology Coding of audio-visual-objects Part 12: 32 ISO base media file format, February 2004. 33 33. M. A. Jasiuk, T. Ramabadran, U. Mittal, J. P. Ashley, and M. J. McLaughlin, “A Technique of 34 Multi-Tap Long Term Predictor (LTP) Filter Using a Sub-sample Resolution Delay”, in Proc. 35 IEEE Int. Conf. on A
