1、 TIA DOCUMENT Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV) Service Option for Wideband Spread Spectrum Communication Systems - Addendum 1E TIA-893-1E (Supplement to TIA-893) July 2005 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION The Telecommunications Industry Association represents the communications sector of NOTICE
2、TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the
3、proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Pub
4、lications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, n
5、or does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate s
6、afety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-4575-AD1E, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-45.5 Subcommittee on Spread Spectrum Digital Technology). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATI
7、ON Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 U.S.A. PRICE: Please refer to current Catalog of TIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION STANDARDS AND ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call Global Engineering Documents, USA and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (30
8、3-397-7956) or search online at http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/search_n_order.cfm All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT This document is copyrighted by the TIA. Reproduction of these documents either in hard copy or soft copy (including posting on the web) is prohibited withou
9、t copyright permission. For copyright permission to reproduce portions of this document, please contact TIA Standards Department or go to the TIA website (www.tiaonline.org) for details on how to request permission. Details are located at: http:/www.tiaonline.org/about/faqDetail.cfm?id=18 OR Telecom
10、munications Industry Association Standards (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the standards development or any editing process. The use or pra
11、ctice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consisting of patents and published pending patent applications are
12、 claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or validity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to
13、 discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or represent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in
14、the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate products, designs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the D
15、ocument. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PRO
16、PERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE
17、REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQ
18、UENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DA
19、MAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA-893-1E i FOREWORD 1 These technical requirements form a standard for Service Option 56, a variable-rate 2 two-way speech service option. The maximum speech
20、-coding rate of the service option is 3 8.55 kbps. 4 This standard does not address the quality or reliability of Service Option 56, nor does it 5 cover equipment performance or measurement procedures. 6 TIA-893-1E ii NOTES 1 1. Accompanying “Recommended Minimum Performance Standard for the Selectab
21、le 2 Mode Vocoder, Service Option 56,” provides specifications and measurement methods. 3 2. “Base station” refers to the functions performed on the land-line side, which are 4 typically distributed among a cell, a sector of a cell, a mobile switching center, and a 5 personal communications switchin
22、g center. 6 3. This document uses the following verbal forms: “Shall” and “shall not” identify 7 requirements to be followed strictly to conform to the standard and from which no 8 deviation is permitted. “Should” and “should not” indicate that one of several 9 possibilities is recommended as partic
23、ularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding 10 others; that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required; or that 11 (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is discouraged but not 12 prohibited. “May” and “need not” indicate a course of action pe
24、rmissible within the 13 limits of the standard. “Can” and “cannot” are used for statements of possibility and 14 capability, whether material, physical, or causal. 15 4. Footnotes appear at various points in this specification to elaborate and further clarify 16 items discussed in the body of the sp
25、ecification. 17 5. Unless indicated otherwise, this document presents numbers in decimal form. 18 Binary numbers are distinguished in the text by the use of single quotation marks. In 19 some tables, binary values may appear without single quotation marks if table notation 20 clearly specifies that
26、values are binary. The character x is used to represent a binary 21 bit of unspecified value. For example xxx00010 represents any 8-bit binary value such 22 that the least significant five bits equal 00010. 23 Hexadecimal numbers (base 16) are distinguished in the text by use of the form 0xh h 24 wh
27、ere h h represents a string of hexadecimal digits. For example, 0x2fa1 represents a 25 number whose binary value is 10111110100001 and whose decimal value is 913. 26 TIA-893-1E iii NOTES 1 6. The following conventions apply to mathematical expressions in this standard: 2 x indicates the largest inte
28、ger less than or equal to x: 1.1 = 1, 1.0 = 1. 3 x indicates the smallest integer greater than or equal to x: 1.1 = 2, 2.0 = 2. 4 |x| indicates the absolute value of x: |-17|=17, |17|=17. 5 indicates exclusive OR. 6 min(x, y) indicates the minimum of x and y. 7 max(x, y) indicates the maximum of x a
29、nd y. 8 In figures, indicates multiplication. In formulas within the text, multiplication is 9 implicit. For example, if h(n) and pL(n) are functions, then h(n) pL(n) = h(n) pL(n). 10 x mod y indicates the remainder after dividing x by y: x mod y = x - (y x/y). 11 round(x) is traditional rounding: r
30、ound(x) = x + 0.5. 12 sign x()=1x 01xSMC . 104 7 5.3.15.2.1 Determining Parameters 105 8 5.3.15.2.2 Target Signal Determination for Current Local Delay Search . 106 9 5.3.15.2.3 Searching Range Determination for Local Delay. 107 10 5.3.15.2.4 Local Delay Search. 109 11 5.3.15.2.4.1 Modification of T
31、arget Signal . 109 12 5.3.15.2.4.2 Integer Local Delay Search . 109 13 5.3.15.2.4.3 Fractional Local Delay Determination 110 14 5.3.15.2.4.4 Warping Current Weighted Speech With Determined Delay . 110 15 5.3.15.2.5 Further Modification of Weighted Speech for Half_Rate_Max. 110 16 5.3.15.2.5.1 Genera
32、ting a Backward Waveform Vector . 111 17 5.3.15.2.5.2 Generating a Candidate Vector by Waveform Interpolation. 111 18 5.3.15.2.5.3 Making a Decision to Use Interpolated Modified Weighted 19 Speech 112 20 5.3.15.2.6 Final Determination of Current Local Delay and Accumulated Delay 113 21 5.3.15.2.7 Up
33、dating Modified Weighted Speech Buffer . 113 22 5.3.15.2.8 Pitch Pre-Enhancement and Periodicity Detection. 113 23 5.3.15.3 Detecting Stationary Voiced Speech and Calculating Open-Loop Pitch Gain 24 for each Fixed Subframe . 115 25 5.3.15.3.1 Detecting Stationary Voiced Speech and Calculating Open-L
34、oop Pitch 26 Gains for Rate 1 115 27 5.3.15.3.2 Detecting Stationary Voiced Speech and Calculating Open-Loop Pitch 28 Gains for Rate 1/2 . 116 29 5.3.16 Final Frame Class and Type Decisions, Rate Selection, and Pitch Lag 30 Refinement 118 31 5.3.16.1 Final Classification, Type and Rate Selection . 1
35、18 32 5.3.16.2 Pitch Lags Refinement . 119 33 5.3.17 Adaptive-codebook Gain De-emphasis for Type-1 Frame (Rate 1 and Rate 1/2)34 120 35 5.3.18 Adaptive-codebook Gain Quantization for Type-1 Frame (Rate 1 and Rate 1/2)36 121 37 5.3.19 Generating Modified Speech from Modified Weighted Speech 122 38 5.
36、3.20 LSFs Smoothing Parameter 123 39 5.3.21 LSFs Smoothing. 125 40 5.3.22 LSFs Quantization 126 41 5.3.22.1 Calculation of LSFs Quantization Weights . 126 42 5.3.22.2 LSFs Mean Removal 127 43 5.3.22.3 LSFs Prediction . 127 44 5.3.22.4 Quantization of the LSFs Prediction Error 127 45 5.3.22.4.1 LSFs
37、Quantization for Rate 1 . 129 46 5.3.22.4.2 LSFs Quantization for Rate 1/2 129 47 TIA-893-1E ix 5.3.22.4.3 LSFs Quantization for Rate 1/4 129 1 5.3.22.4.4 LSFs Quantization for Rate 1/8 130 2 5.3.23 Interpolation of Quantized and Unquantized LSFs 131 3 5.3.23.1 Interpolation of Quantized LSFs for Ra
38、te 1 Type-0 Frames. 131 4 5.3.23.1.1 Calculating of Distance Weights 131 5 5.3.23.1.2 Determination of Best Interpolation Path . 131 6 5.3.23.2 Interpolation of Quantized LSFs for Rate 1 Type-1 frames, Rate 1/4 frames, 7 and Rate 1/8 Frames 132 8 5.3.23.3 Interpolation of Quantized and Unquantized L
39、SFs for Rate 1/2 Type-0 9 Frames 132 10 5.3.23.4 Interpolation of Quantized and Unquantized LSFs for Rate 1/2 Type-1 11 Frames 132 12 5.3.24 Recalculating of Weighting Filter Coefficients for Rate 1/2 . 134 13 5.3.25 Identifying Long-Term Spectral Characteristic . 135 14 5.4 Excitation Coding at Rat
40、e 1/8 137 15 5.4.1 Excitation and Unquantized Gain Determination 137 16 5.4.2 Gain quantization . 137 17 5.5 Excitation Coding at Rate 1/4 139 18 5.5.1 Computation and Quantization of Gains 139 19 5.5.2 Random number generation . 140 20 5.5.3 Creation of sparse non-zero excitation . 141 21 5.5.4 Sha
41、ping the excitation 141 22 5.6 Excitation Coding at Rate 1 and Rate 1/2 143 23 5.6.1 Introduction to Excitation Coding for Rate 1 and Rate 1/2 143 24 5.6.2 Calculation of Impulse Response of the Combined Synthesis and Weighting 25 Filter 146 26 5.6.3 Generating the Target Signal 147 27 5.6.4 Generat
42、ing the Ideal Excitation 148 28 5.6.5 Adaptive-codebook Contribution for Type-1 Frames 149 29 5.6.5.1 The Adaptive-codebook Vector Contribution 149 30 5.6.5.2 The Filtered Adaptive Vector Contribution and Normalized Pitch Correlation31 150 32 5.6.6 Adaptive-codebook Contribution For Rate 1 Type-0 Fr
43、ames 151 33 5.6.6.1 Normalized Cross Correlation Between the Target and the Filtered Excitation34 152 35 5.6.6.2 Fractional Pitch Search and Quantization 152 36 5.6.6.3 Adaptive-codebook Gain (Closed-Loop Pitch Gain) and Normalized 37 Correlation 152 38 5.6.7 Adaptive-codebook Contribution For Rate
44、1/2 Type-0 Frames. 154 39 5.6.7.1 Normalized Cross Correlation Between the Target and the Filtered Excitation40 154 41 5.6.7.2 Integer Pitch Search and Quantization. 155 42 5.6.7.3 Adaptive-codebook Gain (Closed-Loop Pitch Gain) and Normalized 43 Correlation 155 44 5.6.8 Scaling of Adaptive-Codebook
45、 Gain . 156 45 5.6.9 Update of Target and Ideal Excitation . 156 46 5.6.10 Calculation of Fixed-codebook Smoothing Parameters. 157 47 5.6.11 Principles and Algorithms for Pulse Codebook Search . 159 48 5.6.11.1 Analysis-by-Synthesis Approach for Fixed-Codebook Contribution 159 49 5.6.11.2 Principles
46、 of Iterative Search Procedure for Pulse Sub-Codebooks . 159 50 TIA-893-1E x 5.6.11.3 Updates of Pulse Contributions . 160 1 5.6.11.4 Concept of Pitch Enhancement for Pulse Codebooks 160 2 5.6.11.5 Pre-Calculation Procedure . 161 3 5.6.11.6 An Iterative Algorithm Based on Position Search for a Singl
47、e Pulse 162 4 5.6.11.6.1 Initialization of the Search Parameters . 162 5 5.6.11.6.2 The Search Procedure . 163 6 5.6.11.6.3 Building the Pulse Excitation 163 7 5.6.11.7 An Iterative Algorithm Based on Joint Position Search for Two Pulses . 164 8 5.6.11.7.1 Initialization of the Search Parameters . 1
48、64 9 5.6.11.7.2 Pre-Search for 2-Pulse Sub-Codebook . 164 10 5.6.11.7.3 Pre-Search for 3-Pulse Sub-Codebook . 164 11 5.6.11.7.4 The Search Procedure . 165 12 5.6.11.7.5 Building the Pulse Excitation 165 13 5.6.11.8 Joint Position Search for Five Pulses . 166 14 5.6.12 Gaussian Codebook Search 167 15
49、 5.6.13 Fixed-codebook Contribution for Rate 1 168 16 5.6.13.1 Fixed-codebook Structure for Rate 1 168 17 5.6.13.2 Fixed-codebook Search for Rate 1 169 18 5.6.13.2.1 Pitch Enhancement Gain and Pre-Calculation of Search Parameters. 170 19 5.6.13.2.2 Fixed-codebook Search for Type-0 Frames 170 20 5.6.13.2.3 Fixed-codebook Search for Type-1 Frames 171 21 5.6.14 Fixed-codebook Contribution for Rate 1/2 172 22 5.6.14.1 Fixed-codebook Structure for Rate 1/2 172 23 5.6.14.2 Fixed-codebook Search for Rate 1/2 173 24 5.6.14.2.1
