1、UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL UL 340 Tests for Comparative Flammability of LiquidsUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORI
2、ZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL UL Standard for Safety for Tests for Comparative Flammability of Liquids, UL 340 Fifth Edition, Dated March 13, 2009 Summary of Topics Revision pages are being issued to reect the recent reaffirmation of UL 340 as an American Na
3、tional Standard. No changes in requirements are involved. Text that has been changed in any manner or impacted by ULs electronic publishing system is marked with a vertical line in the margin. Changes in requirements are marked with a vertical line in the margin and are followed by an effective date
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9、ing future effective dates as indicated in the note following the affected item. The prior text for requirements that have been revised and that have a future effective date are located after the Standard, and are preceded by a SUPERSEDED REQUIREMENTS notice. JANUARY 13, 2014 UL 340 tr1UL COPYRIGHTE
10、D MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL JANUARY 13, 2014 UL 340 tr2 No Text on This PageUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL March 13, 2009 (Title Page Reprinted: January 13, 2
11、014) 1 UL 340 Standard for Tests for Comparative Flammability of Liquids First Edition March, 1972 Second Edition July, 1979 Third Edition June, 1993 Fourth Edition September, 1997 Fifth Edition March 13, 2009 This ANSI/UL Standard for Safety consists of the Fifth Edition including revisions through
12、 January 13, 2014. The most recent designation of ANSI/UL 340 as a Reaffirmed American National Standard (ANS) occurred on January 13, 2014. ANSI approval for a standard does not include the Cover Page, Transmittal Pages, Title Page, or effective date information. Comments or proposals for revisions
13、 on any part of the Standard may be submitted to UL at any time. Proposals should be submitted via a Proposal Request in ULs On-Line Collaborative Standards Development System (CSDS) at http:/. ULs Standards for Safety are copyrighted by UL. Neither a printed nor electronic copy of a Standard should
14、 be altered in any way. All of ULs Standards and all copyrights, ownerships, and rights regarding those Standards shall remain the sole and exclusive property of UL. COPYRIGHT 2014 UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC. ANSI/UL 340-2009 (R2014)UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION
15、OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL MARCH 13, 2009 TESTS FOR COMPARATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF LIQUIDS - UL 340 2 No Text on This PageUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Scope .4 2 General 4 2.1 Units of
16、measurement .4 2.2 Undated references .5 3 Classication System 5 4 Glossary .5 PERFORMANCE 5 General 7 5.1 Test information 7 5.2 Preparation of partially evaporated samples .7 6 Flash Point Test 7 7 Ignition Temperature (Autogenous) Test .8 8 Spontaneous Heating Test .8 9 Burning Characterization T
17、est 9 10 Tests for Flammability (Explosiveness) of Vapor-Air Mixtures 9 10.1 General 9 10.2 Test in Spherical Glass Flask .9 10.3 Test in Cylindrical Steel Vessel 10 11 Test for Behavior on Heating .10 12 Test for Lower Flammable Limit 11 CLASSIFICATION 13 General 11 MARKING 14 General 15 MARCH 13,
18、2009 TESTS FOR COMPARATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF LIQUIDS - UL 340 3UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL INTRODUCTION 1 Scope 1.1 This Standard provides a method, based on the results of specied ammability tests, for the classication of
19、uids or liquids as nonammable, or as ammable with the degree of re hazard rated both in general terms and on a numerical scale, in comparison with well-known products whose hazards have been established by eld experience. 1.2 The classications derived by this method are evaluations of the inherent a
20、mmability of liquids and their vapors. Increases in re hazard due to partial evaporation of components of certain liquid mixtures during handling and use are taken into account in assigning the re hazard classication. The assigned classications do not apply when the liquid is dispersed in the atmosp
21、here in the form of nely divided spray, mist, or fog. 1.3 The liquids may be pure chemical compounds, homogeneous mixtures or solutions, emulsions, or multilayer combinations of immiscible liquids. The liquid products may contain undissolved solid materials, either in suspension or as a separate lay
22、er. 1.4 This method of classication with respect to re hazard is applicable to liquids which are essentially stable materials. Liquids susceptible to dangerous decomposition reactions during phase change or when exposed to heat or mechanical shock, and liquids subject to hazardous exothermic polymer
23、ization, are considered unstable materials within the intent of this Standard. It should be ascertained that the product is stable with respect to these features before applying the tests specied in this Standard. Evaluation of the more severe hazards presented by such unstable materials requires co
24、nsiderations which are beyond the scope of this Standard. 1.5 The classications derived by this method are with respect to re hazard only. The assigned ratings do not cover other potential hazards, including the physiological effects of the products, in any form, nor do they indicate the efficiency
25、or effectiveness of the products in their intended uses. 2 General 2.1 Units of measurement 2.1.1 Values stated without parentheses are the requirement. Values in parentheses are explanatory or approximate information. MARCH 13, 2009 TESTS FOR COMPARATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF LIQUIDS - UL 340 4UL COPYRIG
26、HTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL 2.2 Undated references 2.2.1 Any undated reference to a code or standard appearing in the requirements of this standard shall be interpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard. 3
27、 Classication System 3.1 This System measures and correlates the most important ammability characteristics of a particular liquid in terms of corresponding characteristics of a number of well-known liquids such as gasoline, ethyl alcohol, kerosene, and paraffin oil, the re hazards of which have been
28、 established by eld experience. The System provides both a general classication and a numerical rating of the re hazards, based on a numerical scale of hazard ranging from 0 to 100 assigned to the reference liquids as indicated in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 General Classication Numerical Classication Diet
29、hyl ether 100 Gasoline 90 to 100 Ethyl alcohol 60 to 70 Kerosene 30 to 40 a Paraffin oil 10 to 20 b Water or nonammable 0 or nonammable a A standard kerosene of 100F (37.8C) ash point (closed cup) is rated 30 to 40. b A paraffin oil of 440F (226.7C) ash point (closed cup) is rated 10 to 20. 3.2 The
30、following descriptions set forth procedures for the basic tests used to develop information for the rating of a liquid with respect to its re hazard under this Classication System. In the case of liquids intended for specic uses known to involve exposure to high temperatures or pressures, disseminat
31、ion as spray or mist, or other special conditions related to the use, additional studies of ammability properties of the liquid under these pertinent conditions should be conducted, so as to provide supplementary information on re hazards due to the special conditions of use. 4 Glossary 4.1 For the
32、purpose of this Standard, the following denitions apply: 4.2 FLAMMABLE LIMITS a) The minimum and maximum concentrations of a vapor in air which, if ignited, propagate ame in the vapor-air mixture independently of continued application of the source of ignition; also known as the lower and upper expl
33、osive limits. No attempt is made to differentiate between the terms ammable and explosive as applied to limits as there is no practical difference in this context. These limits are usually expressed in terms of percentage by volume of vapor in mixture with air. The numerical difference between the u
34、pper and lower ammable or explosive limits is known as the ammable or explosive range. b) Flammable or explosive limits are not physical constants for a given material, but depend upon the initial temperature and pressure, the shape and dimensions of the conning vessel, the direction of ame propagat
35、ion, turbulence, and the nature of the source of ignition. 4.3 FLAMMABILITY TEMPERATURE LIMIT MARCH 13, 2009 TESTS FOR COMPARATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF LIQUIDS - UL 340 5UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL a) The minimum temperature a
36、t which vapor is evolved by a liquid in sufficient quantity to form a ammable mixture with the surrounding air. It is a function of the vapor pressure of the liquid and the lower ammable limit of the vapor at the prevailing temperature and pressure. While evaporation of a liquid occurs at temperatur
37、es below the ammability temperature limit, the vapor pressure of the liquid at those temperatures will not produce a vapor concentration sufficient to form a ammable mixture with air. This temperature limit will vary with atmospheric pressure and to some extent with humidity. However, from the stand
38、point of this Standard, the ammability temperature limit depends principally on the test procedure and apparatus used (rate of temperature rise in the liquid, exposed surface area of the liquid, conditions of exposure to air, and the ignition means and location). b) The ammability temperature limit
39、of liquids which are pure chemical compounds does not change during evaporation of the liquid, provided the ambient atmospheric pressure remains constant. In the case of liquids which are mixtures of compounds of different volatility and ammability characteristics, however, the ammability temperatur
40、e limit of the residual liquid may increase or decrease on partial evaporation of the liquid. Thus a mixture of a nonammable highly volatile component and a ammable component of lower volatility may not form ammable vapor-air mixtures initially, but the residual liquid after partial evaporation may
41、produce ammable mixtures due to the decrease in the proportional amount of the volatile nonammable component. 4.4 FLASH POINT - a) The minimum temperature of a liquid at which vapor is evolved in sufficient quantity to form a ammable mixture with air, as determined using a specied ash point testing
42、apparatus and test procedure. b) For many ammable liquids, the ash point, as determined with a conventional closed cup ash point tester, provides an indication of the ammability temperature limit. Some liquids, notably certain halogenated hydrocarbons or mixtures containing these compounds, produce
43、vapor-air mixtures which do not yield a ash point when tested in a conventional ash point tester. In such cases, it is then necessary to conduct additional tests to determine the ammability temperature limit, or to determine that the liquid is nonammable. 4.5 IGNITION TEMPERATURE a) The minimum temp
44、erature to which a vapor-air mixture must be raised by application of heat to produce autogenous combustion, as indicated by the appearance of ame or glow. b) The ignition temperature of a liquid is not a physical constant, and may be affected by variables such as the size, shape, and degree of conn
45、ement of the space in which the ignition occurs, catalytic and other actions of the heated surface, surface combustion, initial pressure, and the concentration of the vapor-air mixture. 4.6 SPONTANEOUS HEATING a) A rise in temperature above ambient due to chemical reaction of a combustible material
46、itself (exothermic decomposition or polymerization), or between a combustible material and a supporter of combustion, in the absence of external sources of heat such as ames, sparks, thermal radiation, or other heat sources above 100C. b) When the increase in temperature resulting from the chemical
47、reaction is sufficient to cause ignition of the combustible, the process is known as spontaneous ignition. MARCH 13, 2009 TESTS FOR COMPARATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF LIQUIDS - UL 340 6UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL c) In the case
48、of chemically unsaturated liquids liable to spontaneous heating by reaction with the oxygen in air, the process may be accelerated by factors such as the ratio of surface area to volume of liquid (liquid distributed on brous material), the degree of ventilation, and the ambient temperature. PERFORMA
49、NCE 5 General 5.1 Test information 5.1.1 The tests used to obtain data for the classication of liquids with respect to re hazard are to be conducted as described in Sections 6 through 12. 5.1.2 Burning Characterization (Section 9), Flash Point (Section 6), Ignition Temperature (Section 7) and Spontaneous Heating (Section 8) tests of the original liquid are typically performed for all products. Based on the results of these tests and
